Summary
In Bowen v. Mandeville (95 N.Y. 237) the defendant sold to the plaintiff a bond and mortgage, the payment of which he guaranteed.
Summary of this case from France C.S.S. Corp. v. Berwind-White C.M. Co.Opinion
Argued January 18, 1884
Decided March 4, 1884
Edward Webster for appellant.
H.D. Tucker for respondent.
It is claimed that fraudulent representations as to the value and condition of mortgaged premises were made by the defendant to the plaintiff, upon the sale and transfer by the former to the latter of a certain bond and mortgage covering such premises. Upon the sale the defendant also guaranteed the payment of the amount secured by the bond and mortgage.
This action is brought to recover judgment for the damages claimed to have been suffered by the plaintiff, owing to the alleged fraud.
It is insisted by the defendant that the action is barred by the former recovery of two judgments by the plaintiff against the defendant, upon the latter's guaranty, for interest that had accrued upon the mortgage debt.
This claim must prevail unless the various remedies pursued are independent and consistent. This we think them to be.
When a party has been induced by fraud to enter into an executed contract for the purchase of property he may, upon discovering the fraud, prosecute one of two classes of remedies. He may rescind the contract, and after restoring to the other party whatever may have been received thereon, sue for and recover back the entire consideration paid by him; or he may retain what he has received and sue for and recover such damages as he can establish have been occasioned by the fraud. ( Lloyd v. Brewster, 4 Paige, 537; Bank of Beloit v. Beale, 34 N.Y. 473; Rodermund v. Clark, 46 id. 354.)
But these remedies being inconsistent cannot both be prosecuted and maintained. (See authorities, supra.) One proceeds upon the theory of a rescission of the contract, the other upon its affirmance; and the election to pursue one constitutes the rejection of the right to adopt the other.
A party may, however, prosecute as many remedies as he legally has, provided they are consistent and concurrent. ( Morgan v. Skidmore, 55 Barb. 263; affirmed Court of Appeals, 3 Abb. [N.C.] 92; Wanzer v. De Baun, 1 E.D. Smith, 261; Goldberg v. Dougherty, 39 Supr. Ct. 190; Whitney v. Allaire, 1 N.Y. 312; S.C., 1 Hill, 484; 4 Denio, 554; Corn Exchange Ins. Co. v. Babcock, 8 Abb. [N.S.] 257.)
The record in this case does not show any attempt on the part of the plaintiff to rescind the contract of sale. No action has been commenced by him seeking a recovery upon such a theory, and consequently the several remedies prosecuted by him herein must be considered as consistent and maintainable if founded upon existing causes of action.
The present action is not inconsistent with those heretofore brought by the plaintiff in which judgment was recovered for the amount of accrued interest upon the guaranty executed by the defendant. All of the actions have proceeded upon the theory, on the part of the plaintiff, of an affirmance of the contract of sale. Although they differ in form, one does not allege what the other denies; but while they are consistent they are not identical, and a recovery in one does not constitute a bar to a recovery in the other. One proceeds upon the theory of a tort, and the other upon contract; and the rule upon which damages are awarded is different in the two cases. In the one it is governed by the amount stipulated in the contract, and in the other by the difference between the value of the property as represented upon the sale and its actual value.
If we apply the test as to whether the same evidence is required to support both actions, it will be seen that they are not the same. ( Rice v. King, 7 Johns. 20.) In the one case the recovery is based upon the express liability assumed by the party in his contract, and in the other upon the liability incurred for a violation of the duty of honesty and fair dealing which the law enjoins upon one in his dealings with another.
It is true that in the event that the property sold is utterly worthless the amount of damage might be the same in both cases; but this would be a mere accidental coincidence, and would not affect the general rule by which the actions are distinguished.
The party injured can, however, recover but one satisfaction for the damages suffered; no matter how many actions he may be entitled to prosecute for their recovery.
A different question would have been presented had the plaintiff first recovered judgment for the entire amount guaranteed to be paid by the defendant, and had then sought to maintain this action. As such a judgment would have covered the entire damage that could be occasioned by the transaction in question, it would necessarily include both the damages inflicted by the fraud as well as those resulting from the breach of contract. In such a case the court might possibly restrain the prosecution of an action to recover for an amount which might be presumed to have been merged in the judgment already obtained. ( Cormier v. Hawkins, 69 N.Y. 190.) But that question is not presented by this case. Here judgment has been obtained for a portion only of the defendant's contract liability, and it possibly may cover a portion of the liability which he has incurred by reason of his fraud, but it does not necessarily do so, and certainly does not at all indicate the extent of the damage finally recoverable in either form of action, and hence is not a recovery upon the same cause of action.
The several causes of action stated by the plaintiff are consistent, and co-exist independent of each other, and upon settled principles are each maintainable until satisfaction of the whole damage is finally obtained either in one form or another. ( Allaire v. Whitney, 1 Hill, 484.)
When such satisfaction has been obtained, the judgments, however numerous they may be, will be ordered satisfied by the court upon the application of the defendant as in the case of several judgments recovered for damages occasioned by the same wrong against several joint tort feasors. ( Corn Exchange Ins. Co. v. Babcock, supra.)
The order should, therefore, be affirmed, and judgment absolute ordered against defendant upon his stipulation, with costs.
MILLER, EARL and FINCH, JJ., concur. RAPALLO, J., concurs, on the ground that the recoveries heretofore had only relate to the first two installments, and that this action can be maintained for the recovery of damages in respect to the amounts of the subsequent installments. ANDREWS, J., concurs in result. DANFORTH, J., dissents.
Order affirmed and judgment accordingly.