Summary
In Bosse v. Wolverine Insurance Co., 88 N.H. 98, 184 A. 359, there were three parties to the litigation and under such circumstances it was difficult, if not impossible, to submit the involved issues to a jury.
Summary of this case from Hindel v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co.Opinion
Decided April 7, 1936.
Every motor vehicle liability policy written in conformity to Laws 1927, c. 54, s. 6 is subject to the provision that upon recovery of final judgment against any judgment debtor insured against liability the judgment creditor shall be entitled to have the insurance money applied to the satisfaction of the judgment. Though such policy does not expressly embody the provisions of the statute they are to be regarded as incorporated therein; and therefore the rights of those claiming under the policy depend not upon the doctrine of subrogation but upon the contract of indemnity. Under Laws 1927, c. 54, s. 6 a bill in equity is the appropriate remedy of the unnamed beneficiary to enforce a liability policy after judgment against the assured. A defendant by moving to dismiss a bill in equity does not thereby waive his right to an orderly trial on the merits; and if the court at the hearing upon such motion finds the facts without testimony, through a misunderstanding as to the scope of the hearing, the defendant is thereafter entitled to an orderly trial on the merits.
BILL IN EQUITY, to determine the liability of the defendant upon a policy issued by it to indemnify Louis Bosse from claims arising out of his operation of a motor vehicle. The bill seeks further to hold the defendant for the payment of a judgment obtained by the plaintiff for injuries suffered by her in consequence of Louis Bosse's negligent operation of the said vehicle. The bill alleges and the answer admits that the judgment has not been paid, and that Louis Bosse has no means of satisfying an execution.
The defendant filed a motion alleging that the plaintiff is not entitled to equitable relief, because she has a complete and adequate remedy at law, and moved that the bill be dismissed. It further filed an answer to the merits of the bill, "not waiving its aforesaid right to have said bill dismissed, but relying and insisting thereon."
The case was placed on the issues to court list, and upon its being called there was an informal discussion between the presiding justice and counsel. The defendant's counsel called the court's attention to its motion to dismiss, stated that it relied and insisted thereon and requested the court to decide the issue raised by its motion, "as a preliminary question of law." The presiding justice replied that he would first have to know "what it is all about," and requested counsel for both parties to submit a statement of facts and what they would expect to prove.
Such statements were filed. No evidence was given. Counsel for defendant stated, in substance, that if the court should overrule its motion to dismiss the bill in equity and a hearing was held on the merits over their exception, they desired to offer testimony.
The court rendered a decision which not only denied the motion to dismiss, but also made findings of facts on the merits and ordered execution against the defendant. After the decision was rendered, the court found that the defendant's counsel had misunderstood the scope of the hearing and offered the defendant an opportunity to present evidence, which was declined. The defendant excepted generally to the findings of facts and rulings of law. It also filed the following specific exceptions:
(1) To the denial of its motion to dismiss the bill, because the plaintiff has a complete and adequate remedy at law and the defendant is entitled to a jury trial.
(2) To the findings and rulings, because the facts were found without any testimony being presented or hearing held upon the merits.
(3) Because the decision treats the bill in equity as a petition for declaratory judgment. And the defendant moved that, if in fact the bill is to be regarded as such a petition, it should be dismissed, on the ground that the case is not within the provisions of the statute authorizing the rendering of declaratory judgments.
A bill of exceptions was allowed by Scammon, J.
Sullivan Sullivan (Mr. Thomas E. Dolan orally), for the plaintiff.
Thorp Branch (Mr. Branch orally), for the defendant.
The findings that the defendant's counsel misunderstood the scope of the trial and that they insisted at the hearing upon their rights to the determination of their motion to dismiss as a preliminary question of law, together with the further finding that they desired, if that motion was overruled, to offer testimony at a hearing on the merits, establish beyond question the conclusion that during the proceedings they waived no rights claimed under the motion to dismiss. The refusal of the defendant to produce evidence upon the merits, after it was learned that the court had assumed to decide the merits as well as to dismiss the bill, was consistent with an intent, from first to last, to insist that a court of equity had no jurisdiction whatever of the subject-matter.
The defendant did not agree during the proceedings to waive trial by jury (as in Trainor v. Heath, 67 N.H. 384). It did not acquiesce in some unusual and irregular procedure without objection or exception (Morin v. Insurance Co., 85 N.H. 471, 472.) It did not agree to submit evidence otherwise than by testimony (Scammon v. Scammon, 28 N.H. 419, 432), nor did it elect to submit the decision of an issue of fact upon non-testimonial statements of counsel (State v. Corron, 73 N.H. 434, 462; Vidal v. Errol, 86 N.H. 585, 586). The defendant cannot be found to have waived its right to have a determination of the questions of law raised by the bill of exceptions.
I. It will be convenient first to inquire whether the plaintiff has a complete and adequate remedy at law. The defendant relies upon the supposed common-law right of action available to the plaintiff under the provisions of Laws 1927, c. 54, s. 6. By that section every motor vehicle liability policy issued thereunder is made subject to the provision that, upon the recovery of final judgment against any judgment debtor insured against liability, "the judgment creditor shall be entitled to have the insurance money applied to the satisfaction of the judgment." The liability of the insurer "shall become absolute whenever loss or damage covered by said policy occurs, and the satisfaction by the insured of a final judgment for such loss or damage shall not be a condition precedent to the right or duty of the company to make payment on account of said loss or damage." The "motor vehicle liability policy shall be subject to [these] . . . provisions, which need not be contained therein."
There is a clear legislative intent that the contract of insurance shall lay upon the insurer the duty to pay to the judgment creditor so much of the judgment as may be within the coverage of the policy. This duty, and the corresponding right of the judgment creditor to collect from the insurer, are not intended to depend upon the doctrine of subrogation, but upon the contract of indemnity.
Since the defendant itself raises the question, we may regard the policy issued to Bosse as one written to cover him in conformance with the provisions of Laws 1927, c. 54. See American c. Co. v. Corporation, 87 N.H. 374, 376. Consequently, it may be assumed that the plaintiff has a right under the contract, as against the defendant, to the extent that liability for the accident in question is covered.
The legislature has not, however, prescribed the form of action by which the judgment creditor may enforce his right against the insurer. Consequently the plaintiff must resort to such procedure as has heretofore been available to the beneficiaries of express contracts. The plaintiff is not a named beneficiary. By no permissible stretch of construction can she be regarded as a party to the contract. It was declared many years ago that one not a party to an express contract cannot, though a beneficiary, recover thereon in an action at law. Butterfield v. Hartshorn, 7 N.H. 345, 347. Where a third party is the unnamed beneficiary of an indemnity agreement, his remedy against the indemnitor has always been held to lie in equity. Holt v. Bank, 62 N.H. 551; Hunt v. Association, 68 N.H. 305, 306, 308, 309; Sanders v. Insurance Co., 72 N.H. 485, 501; Lombard v. Company, 78 N.H. 110; Toner v. Long, 79 N.H. 458. In view of the three-party interests involved and the possibility that the insurer may have a valid defence against the insured, equity is the appropriate forum for the determination of the right of the beneficiary to enforce the contract. 1 Williston, Contracts, ss. 358, 359.
It must have been the intention of the legislature, in providing no particular remedy for the use of the injured third party, to leave persons in the plaintiff's position to the recognized equitable remedy. When, therefore, the defendant wrote the policy for Bosse, conformable to the statute, it may be taken to have agreed to submit the plaintiff's case to the determination of a court of equity.
The motion to dismiss was properly denied.
II. It seems unnecessary to consider at length the exception relating to the alleged error of the court in treating the bill as a petition for a declaratory judgment. It is far from clear that it was so considered. We think it was treated for what it is — a bill in equity to enforce an alleged liability of the defendant. The plaintiff was entitled to a hearing on the merits.
III. The defendant also was entitled to a hearing on the merits. It did not understand that the merits were to be determined in the hearing actually held. In view of its insistence upon a preliminary hearing upon the motion to dismiss, expressed clearly enough for the court to understand its position, the defendant cannot be found at fault for the misunderstanding that resulted in a decision of the bill upon its merits. The defendant has not had its day in court upon the merits.
The refusal of the defendant to produce testimony after the decision was filed amounted to no more than insistence upon its right to consider what had happened as no more than the hearing it had claimed upon the preliminary question of law which we have now determined in favor of the plaintiff. The merits still remained to be considered even after the court had determined them without the defendant being heard thereon. An offer by the court to hear the defendant's witnesses, after he had decided the issue without hearing the witnesses, was not one which, if accepted, would have resulted in an orderly hearing. The defendant had a right to an orderly hearing, and it would have waived that right if it had acceded to the court's offer. The defendant is entitled to that hearing now.
The exceptions to the rulings upon jurisdictional questions are overruled. Those to the findings and rulings on the merits are sustained.
Exceptions sustained in part.
BRANCH, J., did not sit: the others concurred.