Summary
holding that trademarks may acquire "a `secondary meaning' when they have become associated in the minds of purchasers or customers with the source or origin of goods or services rather than with the goods or services"
Summary of this case from Wysong Corporation v. M.I. IndustriesOpinion
Docket No. 14892.
Decided November 28, 1973. Leave to appeal denied, 391 Mich. 775.
Appeal from Wayne, Russell Bradley, J. Submitted Division 1 October 4, 1973, at Detroit. (Docket No. 14892.) Decided November 28, 1973. Leave to appeal denied, 391 Mich. 775.
Complaint by Boron Oil Company against Evan Callanan, doing business as Boron Realty, for injunctive relief, accounting of profits, and damages arising out of unfair competition. Judgment for defendant. Plaintiff appeals. Affirmed.
Honigman, Miller, Schwartz Cohn (by Robert A. Fineman), for plaintiff.
Smith, Pantel, Katzman Mitoff, P.C., for defendant.
This action is one of unfair competition for use of defendant's trade name — Boron Realty.
Plaintiff is a large Ohio corporation, a subsidiary of Standard Oil Corporation, and has long used the name Boron in the marketing of its gasoline and oil products. Plaintiff has been qualified to do business in Michigan since 1955. However, it has been only since 1967 that it has expended major sums of money in actively entering the market in the metropolitan area. Plaintiff involved itself in substantial real estate dealings, acquiring about 300 parcels of land worth over 22 million dollars. Plaintiff also expended very substantial monies in an advertising campaign to introduce its products to the Michigan consumer.
Defendant Callanan, an attorney, has practiced law and sold real estate in Michigan for many years. Prior to December 1968, his real estate business went under the assumed name of Garfield Real Estate. Defendant admits he was aware of the Boron Oil Company at the time he changed the real estate firm's name.
Plaintiff's prayer for injunctive relief, an accounting of profits, and for actual and punitive damages was denied and the suit dismissed because the trial court found plaintiff stated no cause of action.
The court made findings of fact that there would be no likelihood of confusion over the names. The court also found that the word "Boron" had acquired no secondary meaning in which plaintiff had a property interest.
From the various issues presented, we can restate the issue thus: Whether the plaintiff's trade name has become so identified with its business that use by defendant, not in any way in competition with plaintiff, would amount to an unfair business practice?
Plaintiff claims, in essence, to have an exclusive right to use the trade name Boron and argues persuasively that a court is not free to disregard the nature of the term Boron (a non-metallic element) as applied to the goods and services here involved. It argues that the word Boron as applied to plaintiff's oil and gasoline products is far overshadowed by the association in the public mind of the corporation itself. On this basis, even without a secondary meaning, plaintiff says that the term or word Boron is entitled to protection.
The defendant, on the other hand, argues that there is no secondary meaning to the word Boron, stating that since there is no competition between the parties, and the business is limited to the western suburbs of Detroit, plaintiff's prayer for injunction was properly denied. Defendant says that the oil company cannot be allowed to have exclusive use of the term Boron as against the entire world unless it can show that there is either direct competition between plaintiff and defendant or actual confusion in the minds of the public.
Ordinarily, one simply cannot be found guilty of unfair competition when the facts indicate no competition. Good Housekeeping Shop v Smitter, 254 Mich. 592; 236 N.W. 872 (1931); Burns v Schotz, 343 Mich. 153; 72 N.W.2d 149 (1955); Ex-Cell-O Corp v Sage, 347 Mich. 210; 79 N.W.2d 497 (1956). There is, however, a longstanding exception to this rule where an outstanding and widely known name, made valuable by the owner — Hudson's Bay Company — is pirated. Governor Co v Hudson Bay Fur Co, 33 F.2d 801 (D Minn, 1928). In that case, defendant was enjoined from use of the plaintiff's trade name, even where plaintiff was not in actual competition.
Words or symbols used in connection with one's goods, services, or business, or physical attributes of goods, not originally appropriable as a technical trademark or a trade name, are deemed to have acquired a "secondary meaning" when they have become associated in the minds of purchasers or customers with the source or origin of goods or services rather than with the goods or services themselves. Armstrong Paint Varnish v Nu-Enamel Corp, 305 U.S. 315; 59 S Ct 191; 83 L Ed 195 (1938); Barton v Rex-Oil Co, 2 F.2d 402; 40 ALR 424 (CA 3, 1924).
In determining whether a plaintiff has proved his case, certain elements must be established; length of use of the symbol or mark, nature and extent of popularizing and advertising the symbol, and the efforts expended by plaintiff in promoting the connection in the minds of the general public of his mark or symbol with a particular product. See Anno: Doctrine of secondary meaning in the law of trademarks and of unfair competition, 150 ALR 1067.
Of necessity, each case turns on its own facts. Good Housekeeping Shop v Smitter, supra. The test to be applied by the courts on the question of similarity of names is the likelihood of deceiving an ordinary purchaser who is using ordinary care. In applying that test, regard must be had to the nature and physical requirements of the article itself, its cost, the class of persons who purchase it, and the circumstances of its purchase. Federal Engineering Co v Grieves, 315 Mich. 326; 24 N.W.2d 138 (1946).
Actual confusion of customers, clients, or the public at large does not need to be shown; it is sufficient if the acts of the defendant indicate that probable confusion will occur. Metal Craft Co v Metalcraft Heater Corp, 255 Mich. 642, 645; 239 NW 364, 365 (1931). Indeed, plaintiff need not show that a defendant benefited from appropriating his trade name. Injury to plaintiff is sufficient. 220 Bagley Corp v J Freud Land Co, 317 Mich. 470; 27 N.W.2d 59 (1947).
Michigan law appears clear that in order to enjoin the use of a trade name, there must be competition, except in instances of a very well known name. Good Housekeeping, supra; Burns, supra; Ex-Cell-O, supra.
The tendency has been, however, in recent years, for courts to pull back somewhat from the rigid requirement which insisted that in order to amount to an infringement, the parties had to be competitors. Polaroid Corp v Polaraid Inc, 319 F.2d 830 (CA 7, 1963); Dunhill of London v Kasser Distillers, d/b/a Dunhill Distillers, 350 F. Supp. 1341 (ED Pa, 1972).
In the Polaroid case, the plaintiff camera manufacturer was granted an injunction against an Illinois-based refrigeration and air conditioning company which had adopted the name "Polaraid". Citing the Yale decision and another Illinois decision in Lady Esther, Ltd v Lady Esther Corset Shoppe, Inc, 317 Ill. App. 451; 46 N.E.2d 165; 148 ALR 6 (1943), as controlling, the Court alluded to a number of unfair competition cases reaching the same result in other jurisdictions.
In Triangle Publications, Inc v Standard Products, Inc, 241 F. Supp. 613 (ED Pa 1965), the defendant was enjoined from use of the term "Miss Seventeen" on its luggage because the court found this an unfair appropriation of plaintiff's "Seventeen" magazine trade name. Likewise, in Allstate Insurance Co v Allstate Inc Co, 307 F. Supp. 1161 (ND Tex 1969), defendant's car wash business was enjoined from using plaintiff insurer's prominent trade name.
Plaintiff most adequately states its case, but on Michigan law it must lose unless it can establish a "secondary meaning". On the facts presented, it has established (1) long use; (2) use in the metropolitan area, with the notable exception of defendant; (3) extensive advertising with the goal of making the term Boron synonymous with its product. However, the "secondary meaning" is lacking.
While the line is fine, a review of the record leads us to affirm the trial court.
Affirmed. Costs to appellee.
All concurred.