Summary
In Borough of Morrisville v. Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board (Grant), 54 Pa. Commw. 41, 419 A.2d 813 (1980), a principal issue, as here, was the validity of the hypothetical question.
Summary of this case from Phila. G. Corp. v. W.C.A.BOpinion
Argued April 9, 1980
September 23, 1980.
Workmen's compensation — Heart attack — Unusual strain — The Pennsylvania Workmen's Compensation Act, Act 1915, June 2, P.L. 736 — Volunteer fireman — Hypothetical question — Specifity of objection — Questions not properly raised below.
1. A volunteer fireman suffering a heart attack may properly be found to have sustained a compensable accident under The Pennsylvania Workmen's Compensation Act, Act 1915, June 2, P.L. 736, as required prior to amendments in 1972, through application of the unusual strain doctrine when the attack was an adverse physical reaction to work-related activity which might not have been unusual to others but which was unusual for the particular employe when compared with his usual activity in his regular occupation as a manager and administrator with duties involving little physical activity. [46]
2. A hypothetical question addressed to an expert must be based upon evidence in the record and on facts warranted by the evidence. [46-7]
3. An objection to a hypothetical question which is general in form and fails to point out the specific defect alleged to exist in the question deprives the questioner of an opportunity to correct the question if it is defective, and such objection is properly overruled. [47]
4. Questions not properly raised below cannot be the basis for a reversal on appeal, and a lack of the requisite specificity in an objection to a hypothetical question in proceedings below cannot be remedied on appeal. [48]
Argued April 9, 1980, before President Judge CRUMLISH and Judges CRAIG and WILLIAMS, JR., sitting as a panel of three.
Appeal, No. 1323 C.D. 1979, from the Order of the Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board in case of Elaine Grant, widow of Alvin Grant, deceased v. Borough of Morrisville, No. A-76154.
Petition with the Department of Labor and Industry for workmen's compensation death benefits. Petition denied. Petitioner appealed to the Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board. Case remanded. Employer appealed to the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania. Appeal quashed. Benefits awarded by referee. Employer appealed to the Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board. Award affirmed. Employer appealed to the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania. Held: Affirmed.
Thomas R. Bond, of counsel, LaBrum and Doak, for petitioner.
Theodore M. Kravitz, with him Barry Ballow, of Ballow Associates, for respondents.
This is an appeal by employer Borough of Morrisville (Borough) from an award of widow's benefits under Section 307 of The Pennsylvania Workmen's Compensation Act, Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P. S. § 561. The award was on the petition of respondent Elaine Grant (claimant), who alleged that her husband, Alvin Grant, sustained a fatal heart attack while working as a volunteer fireman for the Borough. His death occurred March 21, 1971.
After the first hearing of the case, the referee denied the claim. The denial was based on the referee's conclusion that the claimant had not met her burden of proving that her husband's death was the result of a compensable "accident," within the meaning of Section 301(a) of the Act, 77 P. S. § 431. Also, the referee totally discounted the testimony of the claimant's medical expert because it had been given in response to a hypothetical question containing non-record facts. The referee's decision to strike that testimony came after the hearing, during which the referee had admitted the testimony over objection.
This case arose prior to the 1972 amendments to the Act, and therefore required proof of an "accident".
The claimant appealed the referee's decision to the Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board (Board). The Board set aside the decision and remanded the case to the referee with directions to consider certain case law relative to injuries sustained by volunteer firemen. Additionally, the referee was instructed to consider the medical testimony he had discounted. The Board rightly reasoned that it was prejudicial error for the referee to reverse his ruling on the medical testimony after the hearing had ended. That deprived claimant's counsel of the opportunity to cure any defects during the hearing itself. The Borough's appeal from that remand order was quashed by this Court on February 4, 1977.
At the remand hearing, claimant's medical expert again testified in response to a hypothetical question posed by claimant's counsel. The appellant objected to the question stating that it was not supported by the record. When the referee asked him to be more specific, counsel cryptically remarked, "I will let the record speak for itself." The referee overruled the objection.
The referee subsequently rendered a decision in favor of the claimant and consistent with the order and opinion of the Board; the Board affirmed that decision and the instant appeal followed.
The decedent was an active member of the Morrisville Volunteer Fire Company for a period of at least two years prior to his death. His regular occupation was that of a service station manager at the Pathmark Company and consisted of, as the referee found, "managerial and administrative duties requiring little physical exertion."
The activities of decedent immediately preceeding his fatal heart attack consisted of assisting the Assistant Fire Chief with a 200 foot fire hose in the course of extinguishing a small, routine brush fire. The day's temperature was between 75 and 80 degrees; and the decedent was dressed in typical fireman's gear consisting of a helmet, heavy coat and boots.
Minutes after his return to the firehouse, he collapsed and was subsequently pronounced dead upon arrival at the local hospital. The evidence established that the decedent's death was caused by acute coronary occlusion, secondary atherosclerosis and arteriosclerotic heart disease with generalized visceral congestion.
In contesting the award, the appellant asserts that the decedent's fatal heart attack was not the result of an "accident," as is required under the statute governing this claim. Specifically, the appellant raises the "unusual strain" doctrine, and contends that the decedent's heart attack was not caused by stress or exertion unusual for his duties as a volunteer fireman. Strangely, the appellant seeks support for that argument in the case of Foster v. State College Borough, 124 Pa. Super. 492, 189 A. 786 (1937). We read Foster as contravening the appellant's position. The doctrine, as set forth in the Foster case, considers as a compensable accident, any adverse physical reaction that occurs during a work-related activity that was not the individual's "usual, ordinary, and accustomed work."
The language of Foster indicates that the strain inducing activity must be compared to the individual's usual, regular or everyday work. To be considered a compensable "accident," the activity engaged in must constitute an unusual strain in light of the individual's work history. The determination of unusualness is not restricted to a comparison of the various duties performed by the individual only while serving as a volunteer fireman. Such a restriction is unreasonable and unfair in cases involving volunteer firemen since they normally have other full-time occupations. That is precisely why the court in Foster expressed disapproval of applying the rules of the unusual strain doctrine to an inherently irregular, intermittent and unusual employment such as that of a volunteer fireman. In cases involving volunteer firemen, the test for unusualness must include a comparison to the individual's regular, everyday occupation.
The appellant seeks further support for his argument in the case of Hilt v. Roslyn Volunteer Fire Company, 445 Pa. 149, 281 A.2d 873 (1971). The case involved a volunteer fireman who suffered a heart attack immediately after exerting extra muscular effort to free a jammed emergency brake lever on a 20 year old, ten ton fire truck. The claimant was a carpenter by profession and served as a volunteer fireman on a part-time basis only. The Board denied the claimant benefits on the basis that the strain was not an unusual one for the claimant. The Supreme Court in Hilt decided that the Board had applied the correct standard in denying benefits to the claimant. The standard applied was whether the strain inducing activity was unusual to the claimant's work generally. That does not mean that the Board only considered the claimant's activities as a volunteer fireman. There is nothing in Hilt to suggest that the claimant's other employment as a carpenter was not considered when the Board determined whether an unusual exertion had occurred. Therefore Hilt does not contradict Foster; nor does it compel the narrow reading advanced by the Borough. We read Foster and Hilt to mean that in cases involving volunteer firemen the unusual strain doctrine is to be applied according to the total work history and employment experience of the individual, including his regular, everyday occupation.
Applying these principles to the case at hand, it follows then that the activities of the claimant on the day of his death, when compared to the sedentary nature of his everyday work, could properly be deemed to constitute an unusual strain within the meaning of the doctrine.
The additional contention raised by the appellant Borough focuses upon the manner of questioning by claimant's counsel on direct examination of his medical expert.
The appellant argues that the testimony of claimant's medical witness, Dr. Richard Helfant, was elicited in response to an improper hypothetical question and therefore should have been excluded. Respondent argues that the hypothetical question contained certain elements which were not part of the record evidence.
The general rule is that hypothetical questions must be based on matters which appear in the record and on facts warranted by the evidence. Bambrick v. Asten Hill Manufacturing Co., 5 Pa. Commw. 664, 291 A.2d 354 (1972) affirmed in part, reversed in part (on other grounds), Utter v. Asten-Hill Manufacturing Co., 453 Pa. 401, 309 A.2d 583 (1973).
At the original hearing in the instant case, Dr. Helfant was asked to assume that the decedent was required to move his body through fairly tall weeds and that he was required to run with the full 250 foot length of hose. A review of the record reveals that neither of those assumed "facts" become part of the record. We agree with the Board, however, that it was error for the referee to overrule appellant's objection to the question at the first hearing and thereafter disregard the testimony when making his final decision. A similar hypothetical was directed to the witness at the remand hearing. However, we must further agree with both the Board and referee that appellant's objection to that hypothetical was insufficient. Appellant now contends that his objection should have been sustained because of the improper form of the question. But appellant failed to raise at that time the specific elements of the question which he now alleges to be improper. In our opinion appellant had a duty to designate those elements at the remand hearing, thereby giving the claimant an opportunity to correct the hypothetical if, in fact, it was defective. Castor v. Ruffing, 178 Pa. Super. 124, 112 A.2d 412 (1955).
It is conceded that the hypothetical questions posed to the medical witness, both at the original hearing and on remand, assumed certain facts not in evidence and were unusually lengthy. We note parenthetically that the propensity of claimant's counsel to frame fact patterns in what might be called the style of a novelist is evident in his brief as well. However, where as in this case, a remand hearing was held and counsel failed on remand to specifically restate the original basis for the objection, the reviewing court may not assume that appellant was insisting on his initial objection. The Superior Court of Pennsylvania has held that absent a definitive statement of the particular grounds for objection, the points are not preserved for appellate review. Sunseri v. RKO-Stanley Warner Theatres, Inc., 248 Pa. Super. 111, 374 A.2d 1342 (1977). Appellant cannot simply wait until the appeal to raise the particulars of the matter. An appellate brief is not the proper device for raising an objection not properly made below. Where no proper objection was taken to testimonial evidence presented at the hearing, the propriety of the admission of that evidence cannot be considered on appeal. See, Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board v. Jeddo Coal, 19 Pa. Commw. 90, 338 A.2d 744 (1975).
Furthermore, only a portion of Dr. Helfant's testimony was given in response to the hypothetical question. We have carefully reviewed the record and find other unequivocal testimony sufficient to sustain the referee's finding of a causal connection between decedent's activities on March 21, 1971, and his subsequent death.
The decision of the referee, as affirmed by the Board, is fully supported by the evidence of record and is consistent with the applicable law. Accordingly, the Board's decision is affirmed.
ORDER
AND NOW, the 23rd day of September, 1980, the order of the Workmen's Compensation Appeal Board dated September 25, 1978, granting benefits to Elaine Grant, widow of Alvin Grant, deceased, is affirmed.
It is ordered that judgment be entered in favor of Elaine Grant and against the Borough of Morrisville and/or its insurance carrier. The defendant Borough and/or its insurance carrier are directed to pay compensation to claimant Elaine Grant at the rate of $60.00 per week from March 22, 1971 to August 30, 1977 (on behalf of claimant and her four children); compensation at the rate of $60.00 per week beginning August 31, 1977 to March 7, 1980 (on behalf of the claimant and her three children); compensation at the rate of $54.00 per week beginning March 8, 1980 to September 30, 1985, (on behalf of the claimant and her two children); compensation at the rate of $46.00 per week beginning October 1, 1985 to December 15, 1987, (on behalf of the claimant and her one eligible child); compensation at the rate of $39.00 per week beginning December 16, 1987 and to continue such compensation for the duration of the widowhood. Interest is assessed on all deferred payments on compensation at the rate of six per cent (6%) per annum. Defendant is further ordered and directed to pay to the claimant $750.00 in funeral expense.