Opinion
Docket Nos. 101685, 101784.
Decided November 7, 1988.
Aymond, Sullivan, Whedon Thompson, P.C. (by Dennis E. Whedon), for Booth Newspapers, Inc.
Butzel, Long, Gust, Klein Van Zile (by Richard E. Rassel, James E. Stewart, and J. Michael Huget), for Detroit News, Inc.
Honigman, Miller, Schwartz Cohn (by Herschel P. Fink and Brian D. Figot), for Detroit Free Press, Inc.
Joseph S. Filip, Prosecuting Attorney, and Jerrold Schrotenboer, Chief Appellate Attorney, for the 12th District Court Judge.
Plaintiffs Detroit News and Detroit Free Press appeal as of right a June 15, 1987, circuit court order dismissing their complaint for superintending control. Plaintiff Booth Newspapers, Inc., doing business as the Jackson Citizen Patriot, appeals by leave granted the same circuit court order which also denied its emergency appeal of a district court order. These appeals were consolidated. We reverse.
This case arises out of the May 8, 1987, district court suppression order closing the preliminary examination of Edward C. Hill to the public and press. Hill was a prison inmate at the State Prison of Southern Michigan who was accused of sexually assaulting and murdering a corrections officer at the prison. Upon the request of the victim's family and the accused, the district court closed the accused's preliminary examination under MCL 750.520k; MSA 28.788(11).
A few days before the preliminary examination, the Jackson Citizen Patriot made a motion to intervene, in district court, in order to challenge the suppression order. After a hearing was conducted, the district court took the matter under advisement. In the meantime, prior to the district court's decision, all the plaintiffs filed a complaint for superintending control in circuit court, requesting that the court vacate the district court's suppression order. Plaintiffs' argument to both the district and circuit courts was that MCL 750.520k; MSA 28.788(11), the statute on which the district court relied in closing the preliminary examination, is unconstitutional. US Const, Ams I, XIV.
On the morning of the preliminary examination, the district court ruled that MCL 750.520k; MSA 28.788(11) is constitutional and refused to lift the suppression order. Later that same day, the circuit court addressed plaintiffs' complaint for superintending control, but considered the complaint as to the Jackson Citizen Patriot as an application for an emergency appeal. The circuit court upheld the district court's suppression order in the order from which plaintiffs now appeal.
Because the accused's preliminary examination and arraignment on the information have already been conducted and because the transcript of the preliminary examination was apparently released following the arraignment on the information, the issue on appeal appears moot. However, we will consider it if it is of public significance and is likely to recur, yet evade judicial review. Press-Enterprise Co v Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1, 6; 106 S Ct 2735; 92 L Ed 2d 1 (1986); In re Midland Publishing Co, Inc, 420 Mich. 148, 151-152, n 2; 362 N.W.2d 580 (1984). Plaintiffs might be subjected to a similar suppression order and, because criminal proceedings are typically of short duration, such an order will likely evade review. Press-Enterprise, 478 U.S. 6. Therefore, we will consider the issue.
The accused's preliminary examination was closed under MCL 750.520k; MSA 28.788(11), which provides:
Upon the request of the counsel or the victim or actor in a prosecution under sections 520b to 520g [codifying various types of criminal sexual conduct and respective penalties] the magistrate before whom any person is brought on a charge of having committed an offense under sections 520b to 520g shall order that the names of the victim and actor and details of the alleged offense be suppressed until such time as the actor is arraigned on the information, the charge is dismissed, or the case is otherwise concluded, whichever occurs first.
This statute implicitly requires that, upon a proper request, the preliminary examination be closed to the public. In re Midland Publishing Co, Inc, 420 Mich. 148, 159, n 13, 175; 362 N.W.2d 580 (1984). Plaintiffs contend that this statute violates the First Amendment as applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. We agree.
Our Supreme Court previously upheld the constitutionality of MCL 750.520k; MSA 28.788(11) in In re Midland Publishing, supra, wherein the Court held that the public has no common-law or constitutional right of access to preliminary examinations. Id., pp 162, 164. In concluding that the public has no common-law right of access to preliminary examinations, the Court relied on the historical analyses of prior United States Supreme Court cases. In concluding that the public has no federal constitutional right of access to preliminary examinations, the Court cited the Fifth Amendment reference to "presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury" and, then, noted that "[s]ince grand jury proceedings have historically been conducted in the absence of the public, there is no precedent for the United States Supreme Court, pursuant to an historical analysis, to extend the public's First Amendment right of access to probable cause determinations." Id., p 174.
However, the United States Supreme Court subsequently held that a First Amendment right of access, in fact, applies to preliminary hearings as conducted in California. Press-Enterprise Co v Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1, 13; 106 S Ct 2735; 92 L Ed 2d 1 (1986) (Press-Enterprise II). In Press-Enterprise II, the accused's forty-one-day preliminary hearing was closed to the public upon the accused's request under a California statute which required such proceedings to be open unless "exclusion of the public is necessary in order to protect the defendant's right to a fair and impartial trial." Id., p 4. The transcripts of the preliminary hearing were not released until the accused waived his right to a jury trial.
Two "complementary considerations" are emphasized when determining whether a First Amendment right of access attaches to the criminal proceeding at issue: (1) "whether the place and process have historically been open to the press and general public," and (2) "whether public access plays a significant positive role in the functioning of the particular process in question." Id., p 8. If the particular proceeding at issue passes these tests of "experience and logic," a qualified First Amendment right of public access attaches.
The Press-Enterprise II Court found that preliminary hearings conducted before neutral and detached magistrates have traditionally been open to the public and that preliminary hearings as conducted in California are sufficiently like a trial to justify the conclusion that public access to them is essential to the proper functioning of the criminal justice system. Id., pp 10-12. Because preliminary hearings as conducted in California pass the tests of "experience and logic," a qualified First Amendment right of access applies. Id., p 13.
Because a qualified First Amendment right of access applies to preliminary examinations, the proceedings cannot be closed unless "specific, on the record findings are made demonstrating that `closure is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest.'" Id., pp 13-14, citing Press-Enterprise Co v Superior Court, 464 U.S. 501, 510; 104 S Ct 819; 78 L Ed 2d 629 (1984). If the interest asserted is the accused's right to a fair trial, the preliminary hearing shall be closed only if specific findings are made showing that (1) there is a substantial probability that the accused's right to a fair trial will be prejudiced by publicity that closure would prevent, and (2) reasonable alternatives to closure would not adequately protect the accused's fair trial right. Press-Enterprise II, p 14.
Preliminary hearings as conducted in California are substantially similar to those conducted in Michigan. See, for example, Press-Enterprise II, p 12; People v Bellanca, 386 Mich. 708; 194 N.W.2d 863 (1972); People v Charles D Walker, 385 Mich. 565, 575; 189 N.W.2d 234 (1971); People v Thomas, 96 Mich. App. 210, 216; 292 N.W.2d 523 (1980). Therefore, under Press-Enterprise II, a qualified First Amendment right of access applies to preliminary examinations as conducted in Michigan. Because closure is mandatory under MCL 750.520k; MSA 28.788(11) upon the request of the victim or the accused without first requiring specific findings to be made, the statute is unconstitutional on its face as violative of the public's First Amendment right of access. See Globe Newspaper Co v Superior Court, 457 U.S. 596; 102 S Ct 2613; 73 L Ed 2d 248 (1982).
Perhaps in anticipation of this conclusion, the district court balanced the competing interests involved in this case. It found that the accused's right to a fair trial and protecting the victims of a crime are legitimate and compelling governmental interests and that these interests have a higher value than the news media's First Amendment right of access.
However, under MCL 750.520k; MSA 28.788(11) and the terms of the district court's order, the suppression was to be lifted, at the latest, when the accused was arraigned on the information. At that time, the transcript of the preliminary examination would be made available. Hence, the extent of the closure would not even prevent pretrial publicity and pretrial publicity is what the district court was trying to avoid for the benefit of both the accused and the victim's family. Moreover, voir dire was available as a reasonable alternative to eliminate any prejudice to the accused. Finally, in order to protect the victim's family, the district court could have closed only that part of the preliminary examination in which the victim's husband testified.
Because the suppression order did not serve the interests sought to be protected and, even if it did, it was not narrowly tailored and because a reasonable alternative existed which would have protected the accused's fair trial right, the circuit court should have lifted the district court's suppression order. Accordingly, we reverse.
Reversed.