Summary
In Booth Flynn v. Price, 183 Ark. 975, 39 S.W.2d 717 (1931), the Supreme Court of Arkansas stated: "[Whether] circumstances constitute an emergency authorizing an employee to procure temporary assistance, so as to entitle the assistant to the same measure of protection as other employees, is generally a jury question."
Summary of this case from Marter v. ScottOpinion
Opinion delivered June 15, 1931.
1. MASTER AND SERVANT — EMERGENCY EMPLOYMENT. — Where an emergency exists requiring immediate action to protect the master's interest, a servant has implied authority to employ help, and the person so employed becomes the servant of the master and entitled to protection as such. 2. MASTER AND SERVANT — EMERGENCY. — Evidence that a ditch-digging machine was set on fire by escaping gasoline which was liable to destroy the machine held to create an emergency which impliedly authorized the watchman in charge to call an outsider to assist in putting out the fire. 3. MASTER AND SERVANT — PROXIMATE CAUSE. — Evidence held to justify a finding that defendants neglected to inspect their ditch-digging machine, and that their negligence was the proximate cause of the machine being set on fire and of plaintiff's injuries therefrom. 4 NEGLIGENCE — PROXIMATE CAUSE. — Generally what is the proximate cause of an injury is a question for the jury. 5. NEGLIGENCE — PROXIMATE CAUSE. — Generally, in order to warrant a finding that negligence was the proximate cause of an injury, it must appear that the injury was the natural and probable sequence of the negligent or wrongful act, and that it ought to have been foreseen in the light of the attending circumstances. 6. MASTER AND SERVANT — ASSUMED RISK — CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE — JURY QUESTION. — Where plaintiff, suddenly summoned to assist in extinguishing a gasoline fire which threatened to destroy defendant's ditch-digging machine, undertook to shut off the flow of gasoline by turning off the stopcock, protecting himself with a quilt, but received injuries in doing so, the question whether he assumed the risk and whether he was guilty of contributory negligence were for the jury.
Appeal from Pope Circuit Court; J. T. Bullock, Judge; affirmed.
John G. Rye and W. P. Strait, for appellant.
Robert Bailey and Hays Smallwood, for appellee.
STATEMENT OF FACTS.
Appellee sued appellants for personal injuries received by him in helping it to put out a fire on a ditch-digging machine owned by it to which was attached a gasoline tank. The suit was defended on the ground that appellee was a mere volunteer to whom appellants owed no duty except to wilfully refrain from injuring him after his perilous condition was discovered. Appellants also pleaded that appellee was guilty of contributory negligence and had assumed the risk.
The record shows that appellants were engaged in laying a gas pipe line from Clarksville, to Little Rock, Arkansas, which extended through Pope County, Arkansas. Its work required it to dig a ditch to lay the main in, and for that purpose appellant was using a large machine which ran along like a caterpillar tractor and dug the ditch. It had a large gasoline tank attached to it which furnished the motive power.
John L. Price was hired by appellants as night watchman. His duties were to oil the parts of the machine which could not be oiled while it was being operated in the daytime. It was also his duty to stay near the machine during the night and watch it and the equipment around it.
In the early part of November, 1928, the watchman went to his duties in an automobile. He noticed that the machinery, which had been operated that day, had a leak in the gas line which ran from the main tank to the carburetor, and that gasoline was leaking out on the platform of the machine on the right-hand side. It was not the duty of the night watchman to repair the machine, and he had no tools whatever for that purpose. He had been given a coal oil lantern and had been instructed to light it when he went on duty every night and to set it lighted on the platform during the time he was on watch. On the night in question, he lighted the lantern and placed it on the platform where he had been instructed to keep it. He then went over and sat down in his automobile with his shoes off and ate a lunch. All of a sudden he noticed a big blaze around the machine and saw that it was on fire. He looked around and saw the light of an automobile on the public road about one hundred yards away and ran down to the road and hollowed to the occupants of the automobile to come and help him to put out the fire. The occupants of the automobile were W. L. Price. a cousin of the watchman, and Russell Perkins. They turned their automobile out of the road and jumped out of it for the purpose of helping the watchman to put out the fire. Perkins and J. L. Price first stopped and pushed the latter's automobile out of the way. W. L. Price grabbed a quilt which was in the automobile and ran on to the fire and commenced trying to put it out. The fire was burning steadily and had commenced to spew out of the feed line from the tank to the carburetor, and appellee got sprinkled with the escaping gasoline. He then wrapped the quilt around his arm and ran in through the flames and turned the stop cock which shut off the gasoline. His clothes caught on fire where he had been sprinkled by the gasoline, and he was very severely burned. After J. L. Price and Perkins rolled the automobile out of the way, each of them grabbed a quilt and ran to help W. L. Price beat out the fire. The gas line feed from the main tank to the carburetor, which was about a quarter of an inch in diameter, got so hot that it was melted loose from the main tank. This caused the escaping gas to boil and spray out through the hole. It was then that W. L. Price wrapped the quilt around his arm to protect it and went to the machine and checked the flow of gasoline by turning off the stopcock near the main tank, and in this way the flames set fire to his clothing and burned him severely before he and the others could get his clothes off of him. Other facts will be stated in the opinion.
The jury returned a verdict in favor of appellee for damages in the sum of $2,999; and from the judgment rendered, this appeal has been prosecuted.
(after stating the facts). The principal assignment of error is that the court erred in not instructing a verdict in favor of appellants. In determining the rights of the parties to this lawsuit, the court must consider the relation in which they stood. On the part of appellants, it is insisted that the court should have told the jury, as a matter of law, that the relations of master and servant did not exist between appellant and appellee, and that appellee was a mere volunteer in helping the watchman of appellant put out the fire. Consequently, it is said that appellants owed him no duty in the premises except to refrain from injuring him after his perilous condition was discovered. They invoke the general rule that a person who is not authorized to perform as a servant the work, in doing which he was injured, cannot recover damages of the master, because the master, not having authorized him to act, owes him no duty. There is an exception to this rule, where the injured person is an "emergency servant," acting at the request of an employee who has, under such circumstances, authority to request his services, although ordinarily he is not invested with such power. Central Kentucky Traction Co. v. Miller, 147 Ky. 110, 143 S.W. 750, 40 L.R.A. (N.S.) 1184; Hollenback v. Stone Webster Engineering Corporation, (Mont.) 129 P. 1058; Labatt on Master and Servant, vol. 4, 1563; and 39 C.J. 554. The latter authority says that it has been held in the case of an "emergency servant" that the liability of the master for an injury to him is governed by the ordinary rules as to the liability of the master for an injury to a servant.
As stated in Marks v. Rochester Railroad Co. (Court of Appeals of New York) 40 N.E. 782, "In every business and employment there are exigencies which are not anticipated, and which require a servant to act, in the absence of the principal, for the immediate protection of his interest; and he may do things in his interest, when the emergency arises, which transcends his usual authority, and they will be deemed to have been authorized."
This court has recognized that where an emergency exists, requiring immediate action to protect the master's interest, the servant has an implied authority to employ help, and the person so employed becomes the servant of the master and entitled to protection as such. See case note to Ann. Cas. 1913C, at 793. In St. Louis, Iron Mountain Southern Railway Company v. Jones, 96 Ark. 558, 132 S.W. 636, recovery was refused a brakeman employed by the conductor of a freight train, the brakeman having been injured while assisting in loading and unloading freight. In Yazoo Mississippi, Valley Rd. Co. v. Kern, 99 Ark. 584, 138 S.W. 988, which was an action for damages for the death of a switchman employed by a yardmaster, the trainmaster alone having authority to employ a train crew, a recovery was like wise denied. Again, in Henry Quellmalz Lumber Manufacturing Co. v. Hays, 173 Ark. 43,291 S.W. 982, it was held that, if an unforeseen emergency arises rendering it necessary in the employer's interest that his employee have temporary assistance, the law implies authority to procure such necessary help, and an assistant so procured is entitled to the same protection as any other employee. In that case recovery was denied because the undisputed evidence showed that there was no sudden or unexpected emergency which would give the ginner the implied authority to employ a temporary assistant to unstop the gin stand. The court expressly approved the view, however, that whether circumstances constitute an emergency authorizing an employee to procure temporary assistance, so as to entitle the assistant to the same measure of protection as other employees, is generally a jury question.
According to the allegations of the complaint and the proof introduced by appellee, the jury was warranted in finding that the fire was caused by gasoline which had been allowed negligently to escape from the feed pipe extending from the main tank to the carburetor and falling on the platform of the ditch digging machine where the vapors arising therefrom were ignited by coming in contact with the lighted lantern which the watchman had been instructed to keep lighted and sitting on the platform of the machine. The fire thus started gave rise to an unexpected and sudden emergency which warranted the jury in finding that the watchman had implied authority to summon to his assistance in putting out the fire appellee and his companion. In other words, the jury might have found that appellants failed to properly inspect their machine or they would have discovered the defect in the feed pipe which allowed gasoline to drip from it, and their negligence in so doing was the cause of the original fire because the gas formed by the dripping gasoline coming in contact with the lighted lantern caused the original conflagration.
It is claimed, however, by counsel for appellants that this was not the proximate cause of the injury of appellee. They insist that his own conduct in going into the flames to turn off the stopcock near the main tank was an intervening cause, and that therefore appellants are not liable. The general rule is that what is the proximate cause of an injury is a question for the jury. It is to be determined as a fact in view of the circumstances attending it. It is ofttimes difficult of application, but the question always is, was there an unbroken connection between the wrongful act and the injury, a continuous operation? So, it is generally held that, in order to warrant a finding that negligence is the proximate cause of an injury, it must appear that the injury was the natural and probable sequence of the negligent or wrongful act, and that it ought to have been foreseen in the light of the attending circumstances. Milwaukee St. Paul Ry. Co. v. Kellogg, 94 U.S. 469; Pittsburg Reduction Co. v. Horton, 87 Ark. 576, 113 S.W. 647; Bona v. Thomas Auto Co., 137 Ark. 217, 208 S.W. 306; Meeks v. Graysonia, N. A. Rd. Co., 168 Ark. 966, 272 S.W. 360; Standard Pipe Line Co. v. Dillon, 174 Ark. 708, 296 S.W. 52; and Mays v. Ritchie Grocer Co., 177 Ark. 708, 7 S.W.2d 980.
In view of the attending circumstances in the present case, we think the court was warranted in submitting to the jury the question whether or not the original negligence of appellant in allowing the gas to escape from the feed pipe in the vicinity of a lighted lantern was not the proximate cause of the injury received by appellee. It was the duty of the watchman to protect the properly, and the emergency was so great that the jury might have found that appellee was an "emergency servant" within the meaning of the rule above announced.
Suppose the watchman had been the one who was in the place of appellee. His injury would be directly traceable to the original negligence of the appellant. Appellants should have anticipated that all the events which did happen in the present case would likely happen if a fire was caused by its negligence in allowing gasoline to escape from the feed pipe, vaporize, and then be ignited from a lighted lantern nearby.
The court also submitted to the jury the question of the assumption of risk and contributory negligence of appellee. It is earnestly insisted by counsel for appellants that the court should have told the jury, as a matter of law, that appellee assumed the risk, and that he was guilty of contributory negligence. This we consider the most serious question in the case, but we do not think that it was per se negligence for a servant to be in a place of danger when his master's property was on fire and in the discharge of his duty he was trying to put it out. Of course there is always more or less danger in working around property that is on fire. The greatness of the hazard depends upon the attending circumstances. For instance, the course of the wind might be a contributing circumstance which would greatly increase, the hazard, the height and extent of the flames, and various other matters might furnish contributing causes. Under the circumstances attending the present case, we do not think that it can be said that the conduct of appellee was so reckless or so unusually hazardous as to prevent the jury from allowing him a recovery. He and a companion were driving along the road, when the watchman suddenly and unexpectedly called them to help to put out the fire. He immediately jumped out of his automobile and came to the fire. He knew something about the value of the property and its necessity to appellant in conducting its work. He probably knew that, if the machine was destroyed, appellants would not only lose the value which was considerable, but that they would have to stop the work until it could procure a new machine. He endeavored to protect himself by wrapping his arm in a quilt to prevent it being burned when he went to turn off the stopcock so as to stop the gasoline from flowing out of the main tank. Doubtless for the moment he overlooked the fact that the gasoline had been spraying out on his clothes from the waist downwards and that this might ignite from the flames. It is natural that he could not view the circumstances with the same coolness that any one taking a retrospect of the occurrence could do. He was actuated by a laudable desire to prevent, not only the destruction of the property, but to keep the employees from having to be idle until a new machine could be procured. In any event, it would seem that the jury might find that he acted with as much prudence as any reasonable man would have done under the circumstances, and that it should not be said, as a matter of law, that he acted in such a reckless manner with full realization of the unusual hazard attending the occurrence that he should not be allowed to recover for the damages resulting from his injury.
In Reynolds v. Great Northern Railway (Minn.) 199 N.W. 108, a freight train was distributing supplies to stations along the line of the road. While gasoline was flowing from a tank car through a hose into the intake pipe of the pumping plant, a brakeman set his lighted lantern near the mouth of the intake pipe. For some unknown reason, the conductor pulled the nozzle of the hose out of the pipe, and an explosion followed setting hose and car on fire. In an attempt to cut the hose with a knife, the conductor suffered burns which caused his death. The court held that whether pulling the nozzle out of the pipe was the sole or only concurring cause of the accident was a question for the jury. It was further held that whether the attempt to cut off the hose was so reckless that the conductor should have been deemed to assume the risk, was also a question for the jury.
Appellee knew that, if the fire reached the gasoline in the main tank, there would be an explosion which would utterly destroy the property. He was confronted with an emergency and adopted the only means which could have been adopted to save the property, and that was to turn the stopcock and thus prevent the gasoline from flowing from the tank. As we have already seen, he was somewhat excited, and he should not be prevented recovering because he failed to realize the danger from the gasoline which had escaped on the lower parts of his clothing evaporating and coming into contact with the flames. In view of all the circumstances, we do not think it can be said as a matter of law that his conduct was so unreasonable and reckless that he should be deemed to have assumed the risk as a matter of law or that he was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law.
Numerous instructions were given at the request of both parties. We have carefully examined the instructions given, and we think that the case was fully and fairly submitted to the jury under the principles of law above announced. No complaint is made as to the amount of damages recovered; and, in view of the severity of the burns suffered by appellee, there could be no just complaint in this respect.
We find no reversible error in the record, and the judgment will therefore be affirmed.