Summary
In Bode v. Wells (in Banc), 322 Mo. 386, 15 S.W.2d 335, 337, an elderly woman, seventy-five years of age, started across a double street-car track in midday to board a street car at the usual stopping place.
Summary of this case from McGowan v. WellsOpinion
March 27, 1929.
1. NEGLIGENCE: Humanitarian Rule. The application of the humanitarian rule to a case eliminates the defense of contributory negligence.
2. ____: ____: Seeing Coming Street Car. Plaintiff is not precluded from invoking the humanitarian rule by the fact that, as she attempted to cross the street, she saw the street car which struck her and knew it was approaching the crossing.
3. ____: ____: Essential Elements: Danger Zone: Crossing Street: Credible Witness. Where the evidence tends to show that plaintiff, seventy-five years of age, was walking westwardly directly across the street-car tracks and holding aloft a closed umbrella, waving it and signalling the motorman of the southbound car to stop, before she reached the east rail of the northbound track, and that at that time the car was more than a block away, and that the motorman, if he had been on the lookout, as was his duty, could have seen that she intended to cross the tracks to the platform and expected him to stop the car and take her on as a passenger, the danger zone was not limited to the time she actually stepped upon the east rail on the southbound track on which the car was running; and where there is further evidence tending to show that, when she stepped upon the east rail of the southbound track, the car was seventy-five feet away and could have been stopped within seventy feet, there is presented by the evidence every essential element for the application of the humanitarian rule; and that such evidence is credible, and that the speed of the car was not slackened before striking her, is shown by the further facts that it ran ninety feet after striking her and that she was thrown by the impact up against a telephone pole on the side of the right of way.
4. EVIDENCE: Impaired Mental Condition. Where the petition alleges that plaintiff, as results of being struck by the street car, suffered a fracture of the skull, rendering her unconscious, and a severe and permanent concussion of the brain, testimony of a physician that her mental condition is not as good as it was before the injury is admissible as a symptom attendant upon or tending to show a fracture of the skull.
5. ____: Expert: Stopping Cars. A witness, who is familiar from years of experience with the starting, stopping, speed and the equipment of street cars, including familiarity with the cars and their equipment operated on the line on which was running the car by which plaintiff was struck at the time of the accident, is competent to testify, as an expert, as to the distance in which the car which struck plaintiff could have been stopped.
6. NEGLIGENCE: Pleading: Numerous Specifications: Withdrawal: Review. Where the trial court withdrew from the jury all the specifications of negligence except that based on the humanitarian doctrine, and submitted the case of defendant's liability under that doctrine alone, this court may limit its review to the propriety of the application of that doctrine, under the evidence, to the case.
Corpus Juris-Cyc. References: Appeal and Error, 3 C.J., Section 623, p. 727, n. 98. Carriers, 10 C.J., Section 1490, p. 1107, n. 89. Evidence, 22 C.J., Section 779, p. 689, n. 23; Section 795, p. 707, n. 25. Negligence, 45 C.J., Section 539, p. 984, n. 82.
Appeal from Circuit Court of City of St. Louis. — Hon. H.A. Hamilton, Judge.
AFFIRMED.
T.E. Francis, J.F. Evans, B.G. Carpenter, and Curlee, Nortoni Teasdale for appellant.
(1) The trial court erred in failing and refusing to give the instruction in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence. (a) Plaintiff testified that, as she approached the two tracks and crossed over the first track to a point where she was struck on the second track, she had a full view of the street car from a point about forty feet east of west rail where struck; that the car was approaching her at a high rate of speed, and that she continued to watch it at all times and noted that it did not slacken its speed. Her subsequent conduct in going immediately in front of this rapidly approaching street car, with full knowledge of her danger, unquestionably stamps her conduct as contributory negligence as a matter of law. Laun v. Railroad, 216 Mo. 580; State ex rel. v. Reynolds, 233 S.W. 222; Boyd v. Ry. Co., 105 Mo. 371; Mockowik v. Railroad, 196 Mo. 550; Huggart v. Railroad, 134 Mo. 679; Kelsay v. Ry. Co., 129 Mo. 374; Reno v. Railroad, 180 Mo. 469; Stotler v. Railroad, 204 Mo. 619; Hutchinson v. Mo. Pac. Railroad, 195 Mo. 546; Kelsay v. Mo. Pac. Railroad, 129 Mo. 362; Voelkers Products Co. v. United Rys. Co., 185 Mo. App. 310. (b) Plaintiff was further barred from recovery under that assignment of negligence charging the defendant with failure to ring the gong or give warning of the approach of its street car, for the reason that she testified she was fully cognizant of the approach of the car at all times, and, therefore, the failure to give her other warning of its approach was not the proximate cause of the collision and could not legally be a predicate of recovery. Murray v. Trans. Co., 176 Mo. 183; Hutchinson v. Mo. Pac. Railroad, 195 Mo. 546; Mockowik v. Railroad, 196 Mo. 550; Young v. Railroad, 227 Mo. 307. (c) The testimony of plaintiff's witnesses shows conclusively that when plaintiff entered the danger zone the street car was then not more than fifty feet away from her and was traveling at a rate of twenty-five miles per hour. The only testimony adduced to show within what distance the car could have been stopped, traveling at that rate of speed, allowed seventy feet as the minimum distance required, and such being true, she cannot recover. Reno v. St. L. Sub. Ry. Co., 180 Mo. 488; State ex rel. v. Reynolds, 233 S.W. 222; Rowe v. Rys. Co., 247 S.W. 446; Boyd v. Wabash, 105 Mo. 371; Mockowik v. Railroad, 196 Mo. 550; Boring v. Met. St. Ry. Co., 194 Mo. 541; Kinlen v. Railroad, 216 Mo. 158; Pope v. Wabash, 242 Mo. 239; Reeves v. Railroad, 251 Mo. 177; Keele v. Railroad, 258 Mo. 78; Lackey v. United Rys. Co., 288 Mo. 120; Burge v. Wabash, 244 Mo. 76. (d) The hypothetical question propounded to plaintiff's speed and stopping expert, Mr. Smith, omitted the vital elements of the condition of the track, number of passengers on the car and the stopping "with safety to passengers." Furthermore, the so-called expert had never had any experience in operating street cars with trailers attached. An opinion founded on a question which does not include these essential facts is without probative force and does not aid the court or jury in determining whether or not the car could have been stopped within a given distance. Burge v. Railroad, 244 Mo. 76; Toomey v. Wells, 276 S.W. 68; Fleming v. Railroad, 263 Mo. 180; Heinzle v. Railway, 182 Mo. 555; Ruschenberg v. Railroad, 161 Mo. 81; Senn v. Railroad, 180 Mo. 151. (2) Defendant's demurrer to the evidence should have been given because the last clear chance doctrine does not obtain nor apply where both parties are actively and contemporaneously negligent until it is too late to prevent the collision, for in such circumstances plaintiff's negligence is not remote but rather is active, concurrent, therefore proximate in the chain of causation, so as to be regarded in fact and in law as concurrent in point of time and place. Watson v. Railroad, 133 Mo. 246; Reeves v. K.C. Ry. Co., 251 Mo. 169; Pope v. Wabash, 242 Mo. 232; Moore v. Lindell Ry. Co., 176 Mo. 528; Beal v. Ry. Co., 256 S.W. 736; Ross v. Met. St. Ry. Co., 132 Mo. App. 472; Kinlen v. Met. St. Ry. Co., 216 Mo. 163; Walker v. Wabash, 193 Mo. 453; Mockowik v. Railroad, 196 Mo. 570; Nellis on Street Railroads, 383; Everett v. Elec. Ry. Co., 42 Pac. (Cal.) 219; Cooley on Torts (2 Ed.) 812; 7 Am. Eng. Ency. (2 Ed.) 385; Karte v. Mfg. Co., 247 S.W. 423. (3) The trial court erred in admitting the testimony of Dr. Lewis to the effect that plaintiff's mental capacity had been reduced, for the reason that no such allegation of injury was incorporated in the petition. Hall v. Coal Co., 260 Mo. 351; Shafer v. Harvey, 192 Mo. App. 502; Price v. St. Ry. Co., 220 Mo. 435.
A.A. Alexander and Charles E. Morrow for respondent.
(1) There was a plat offered in evidence by plaintiff, drawn to scale, which showed the surroundings at the place of accident and the relative positions of the street crossing, the railway tracks, houses, concrete platform and other objects, and the distance from one to another. Also two photographs were offered in evidence. The plaintiff was unable to give distances in feet, and this plat and these photographs were used by both parties in her examination as a witness, and she designed certain points on this plat and these photographs where she was and where the street car was at different times. This plat and these photographs were not preserved by the defendant in its bill of exceptions, but the record here shows that they were offered in evidence and referred to by the witnesses. They are not part of the record and are not before this court, and error cannot be predicated on a refusal of the court to sustain a demurrer to the evidence, or as to the action of the court in giving instructions, because all the material evidence is not before this court. Craven v. Midland Mining Co., 228 S.W. 515; Johnson v. Electric Co., 232 S.W. 1094; Higgins v. Pulley Co., 240 S.W. 252; Steckdaub v. Wilhite, 211 S.W. 915; Nash v. Brick Co., 109 Mo. App. 600; Rutledge v. Farr, 95 Mo. App. 265; Deering Co. v. Hannah, 93 Mo. App. 618; Story v. Patton, 61 Mo. App. 12; Meriwether v. Howe, 48 Mo. App. 148. (2) Plaintiff was not guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law. She had the same right to cross the tracks that defendant had to cross the street. When she went upon the tracks upon which the street car was running, the car was more than seventy-five feet away, and she was motioning to the motorman to stop the car so that she could take passage thereon. While she observed that it was running faster than cars usually ran, she believed she had time to cross the track in safety. Sugarwater v. Fleming (Mo.), 293 S.W. 114; Strauchon v. Met. St. Ry. Co., 232 Mo. 587; Cihla v. U. Rys. Co., 221 S.W. 428; Harrington v. Dunham, 273 Mo. 414; Irwin v. Railroad, 196 Mo. App. 666. (3) The evidence justified the submission of the case to the jury on the humanitarian doctrine. The plaintiff is not precluded from recovery under the humanitarian doctrine, because she knew the street car was coming when she went upon the track. Banks v. Morris Co., 302 Mo. 254. (4) The evidence shows that the defendant ran the street car at a rate of speed of twenty-five miles an hour, in violation of the ordinance; and negligently ran the street car at a greater rate of speed than was reasonable under the circumstances, approaching a regular stopping place, and by the same, and across a public street, when the plaintiff was crossing the tracks in said street, and signalling the motorman of the street car to stop in order to take passage on the street car. If the defendant thereby put himself in a position so that the street car could not be stopped, the defendant is still liable. Sullivan v. Railroad, 117 Mo. 214; Moore v. Transit Co., 194 Mo. 1; Mason v. U. Rys. Co., 246 S.W. 325; Ambrowitz v. United Rys. Co., 214 S.W. 119; Smith v. Railroad, 282 S.W. 62; Goben v. Railroad, 206 Mo. App. 5; Murrell v. Railroad, 105 Mo. App. 88. (5) The defendant stood upon his demurrer to the evidence and did not call as a witness his motorman who was in charge of and operating the street car, who had superior knowledge as to what he actually saw, the rate of speed of the car and other matters connected with the accident. The failure to call this witness raised a strong presumption against the defendant and authorized the jury to infer that the evidence of the motorman would be unfavorable to the defendant. State ex rel. v. Trimble, 260 S.W. 1003; Reyburn v. Railroad, 187 Mo. 565; Murrell v. Railroad, 279 Mo. 92; McCord v. Schaff, 279 Mo. 558; McClanahan v. Railroad, 147 Mo. App. 386; Griggs v. Railway Co., 228 S.W. 510. (6) The court did not err in admitting the evidence of Dr. Lewis that plaintiff's mental capacity since the accident was not what it was before. Rosenweig v. Wells, 308 Mo. 617. (7) The witness Smith was qualified to testify as an expert as to the distance in which the street car could have been stopped. Phillips v. Ry. Co., 226 S.W. 867. The defendant did not object to the hypothetical question, put to the witness Smith, on the ground that any necessary elements were omitted therefrom, but on the sole ground that the witness was not qualified to testify. Phillips v. Ry. Co., 226 S.W. 867.
The plaintiff sues for damages on account of personal injuries alleged to have been inflicted through the negligence of the defendant. There was a trial to a jury resulting in a verdict in favor of the plaintiff in the sum of $8000. From the judgment rendered thereon the defendant has appealed.
The defendant operates a street car line in the city of St. Louis, locally designated as the "Hodiamont Line." At the point where the plaintiff received her injuries the defendant has double tracks, the cars on the east side of the right of way run in a northerly direction, while those on the west side run in a southerly direction. These tracks cross Minerva Avenue, a public street, at right angles. The distance between the rails of each of these tracks is four feet and ten inches, and the distance between the inner rails of the two tracks is six feet and ten inches. The defendant maintains a concrete platform on the west side of these tracks immediately north of the north line of Minerva Avenue. This platform is a regular stopping place for southbound cars to take on and let off passengers.
The plaintiff was walking westwardly on the north side of Minerva Avenue, and approached the tracks from the east. When she drew near she saw, about a block and a half away, a southbound car running at a rapid rate of speed. Desiring to take passage on it she waved an umbrella she had in her hand as a signal to the motorman to stop at the platform. Believing that he would do so and that she would have time to cross the track and reach the platform she started across the tracks and as she stepped upon the track on which the car was approaching she was struck by it and received the injuries for which she asks damages. The plaintiff, who is an elderly woman, seventy-five years of age, was subjected to a grilling cross-examination by counsel for the defendant for the purpose of showing that she heedlessly stepped in front of the car. The nervous strain to which she was subjected by this examination, clearly demonstrated by the record, caused her, as she states, to be unable to state the distance of the car from her at the time she stepped upon the track. By comparisons made by the examining counsel she finally stated that it was distant a little more than thirty feet. The attention of a witness who lived near the crossing was drawn to the scene of the accident by the noise made by the sudden application of the brakes of the car after the plaintiff was struck. Running out of her yard this witness saw the plaintiff lying up against a telegraph pole on the side of the right of way where she had evidently been thrown by the impact of the car. Several persons assisted in carrying the plaintiff into a near-by residence. She was unconscious and covered with blood. She had a large hole or wound on the right side of her head. Her entire right side was cut and bruised, including her hand and arm. Her collar bone was fractured and a ragged portion of it stuck out through the muscles, skin and clothing. About an hour after being struck the plaintiff, under the ministration of a physician, begun to regain consciousness. She was confined to her bed for five or six weeks after the accident; during three or four weeks of that time she was under the daily care of a physician; thereafter to the date of the trial she has been under his care, but not daily. For six or seven months after she was injured she was not able to leave her home, and since that time she is only able to do so under the care of an attendant. The physician under whose care she has been, testified that, in addition to the serious character of her other injuries, the injury to her head had impaired her mental capacity. His testimony is as follows: "The concussion of the brain may or may not have helped this mental deterioration, but I can say that having known her before the injury her mental capacity is nothing like it was before, not as good as it was before."
There were six specifications of negligence in the petition. The answer consisted of a general denial and a plea of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff. The reply was a general denial. The plaintiff requested no instructions, save one on the measure of damages. The court withdrew from the jury all of the specifications of negligence charged in the petition, except that of the last clear chance or humanitarian doctrine and submitted this to the jury under an instruction of its own motion. The defendant introduced no testimony, but at the conclusion of the plaintiff's case requested an instruction in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence which was overruled.
I. The facts in this case disclose but one basis of liability and that is under the humanitarian rule. The application of this rule eliminates the defense of contributory Humanitarian negligence. [Schroeder v. Wells, 310 Mo. 642, Rule: Essential 654, 276 S.W. 60, 64.] The defendant contends, Elements. because the evidence shows that the plaintiff saw the street car and knew it was coming, that she cannot invoke the humanitarian rule. This court in a number of cases has settled this question adversely to the contention of the defendant.
The most recent consideration of the rule, as applied in this State, is found in an illuminating opinion of RAGLAND, J., in Banks v. Morris Co., 302 Mo. 254, 266, 257 S.W. 482, in which it is said: "The doctrine from which the rule has been evolved is something more than an exception to the law on contributory negligence. It `proceeds upon the precepts of humanity and of natural justice to the end that every person shall exercise ordinary care for the preservation of another after seeing him in peril or about to become imperiled, when such injury may be averted without injury to others.' [Dey v. Railways, 140 Mo. App. 467.] Under this doctrine `the position of peril' is one of the basic facts of liability; it might be denominated the chief one. [State v. Trimble, 300 Mo. 92, 253 S.W. 1014, 1019.] It is of no consequence what brings about, or continues, the situation of peril. It may be through the obliviousness of the one imperiled, or through his inability to extricate himself from his environment, or through his efforts to rescue another, or through his sheer hardihood or recklessness. But regardless of what occasions his peril, the law out of its extreme regard for human life makes it the duty of another who sees him in peril to exercise ordinary care to prevent injury or death. [Murphy v. Railroad, 228 Mo. 56; Morgan v. Railroad, 159 Mo. 262; Hanlon v. Railroad, 104 Mo. 388.] The constitutive facts of a cause of action under the humanitarian rule, stated in their simplest terms, without any of the refinements, limitations or exceptions which might arise on a particular state of facts, are contained in this formula: `(1) Plaintiff was in a position of peril; (2) defendant had notice thereof (if it was the duty of defendant to have been on the lookout, constructive notice suffices); (3) defendant after receiving such notice had the present ability, with the means at hand, to have averted the impending injury without injury to himself or others; (4) he failed to exercise ordinary care to avert such impending injury; and (5) by reason thereof plaintiff was injured.' Evidence tending to prove these facts makes a prima-facie case for plaintiff. In some instances obliviousness of danger on the part of the plaintiff is necessary to make the situation in which he is placed one of peril. In such case it is of course incumbent upon the plaintiff to make proof of the facts and circumstances tending to show obliviousness, not only for the purpose of establishing that he was in a position of peril, but to bring home to defendant a knowledge of his peril. In these cases, however, obliviousness is but a subsidiary or evidentiary fact; the perilous situation of plaintiff and defendant's knowledge of it are the ultimate, issuable facts."
The facts as set forth in the general statement contain ample proof of the presence of the essentials defined in the Banks case necessary to authorize the invoking of the humanitarian rule as a basis of the defendant's liability. An excerpt from the testimony of A.B. Bartlett, a disinterested witness for the plaintiff, tends to emphasize the correctness of the foregoing conclusion. It is as follows:
"Q. Please state to the jury if you saw Miss Bode when she was approaching the first rail. A. Sure.
"Q. That is the rail on the east? A. That is right.
"Q. Did you see her there? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. I will ask you whether or not you saw a street car at that time, coming from this direction up here? (pointing to the north). A. I did, I was going to catch it; after I saw it I was going to catch it coming into town.
"Q. What time of day was that? A. About 1:05 P.M.
"Q. Did you at the time Miss Bode approached the east rail, and before she started over the tracks, did you see her? A. I did.
"Q. And how far away was the street car at that time? A. I am estimating it was about 300 feet, as close as I could guess at it about 300 feet.
"Q. With reference to the block north of Minerva Avenue, where was the street car? A. The street car was way up in here, in this block.
"Q. Now, as Miss Bode got between the two sets of rails, right here, did you notice about how far away the street car was? A. Yes, sir.
"Q. About how far? A. About 150 feet.
"Q. Then, as she started over how far away was the street car then? A. About seventy-five feet."
II. It is contended that the testimony of Bartlett is not tenable and hence that there was no evidence of sufficient probative force to take the case to the jury, in that it did not show that the plaintiff was not in peril until she stepped upon the track on which the car was running when by the Facts Showing exercise of ordinary care the defendant's motorman Application could have seen her peril in time to have stopped of Rule. the car and averted her injury.
The evidence shows that plaintiff was walking directly across the tracks, and was holding aloft a closed umbrella, waving it and signalling the motorman to stop, before she even reached the east rail of the northbound track, and that at that time the street car was more than a block away. If the motorman had been on the lookout, as was his duty, he could have seen that the plaintiff was going to cross the tracks to the platform and expected him to stop the car and take her on as a passenger. The danger zone, under the facts of this case, was not limited to the time that she actually stepped upon the east rail of the southbound track on which the car was running. When she stepped upon the east rail of that track the car was about seventy-five feet away from her. The evidence also shows that the car was running twenty-five miles an hour and that it could have been stopped within seventy feet. That its speed was not slackened before it struck her is evident from the fact that by the impact of the car she was thrown over on the right of way against a telegraph pole, and that the car ran ninety-five feet beyond where it struck her before it was stopped. These are indisputable facts which not only attest the verity of the witness Bartlett's testimony, but bring the case within the purview of the humanitarian rule.
III. It is contended that error was committed in the admission of the testimony of Dr. Lewis, to the effect that the plaintiff's mental condition was not what it was before her injury. The allegations of the petition are: "That plaintiff suffered a fracture of the skull, causing plaintiff to be Mental rendered unconscious and causing her to suffer Condition. permanently of insomnia, vertigo, headaches and general weakness, and a severe and permanent nervous shock to her entire nervous system, and plaintiff sustained a severe and great and permanent concussion of the brain." Under these averments the testimony was admissible as "a symptom attendant upon or tending to show a fracture of the skull." [Rosenweig v. Wells, 308 Mo. l.c. 636, 273 S.W. 1071.]
IV. Error is assigned in the admission of the testimony of a witness for the plaintiff named Smith. The first objection to his testimony is to the effect that he was not shown to be Expert. qualified to testify as an expert. His examination in this regard demonstrates the lack of merit in this contention. It was shown that he was not only familiar from years of experience with the starting, stopping and speed of cars and of the equipment of the character here under review, but that his familiarity included the cars and equipment of the Hodiamont line at the time of this accident. The second objection to this witness was that he was not qualified to testify to the hypothetical question put to him. This question called for the witness's conclusion concerning matters with which he had been shown to be familiar and not that any essential, required in a hypothetical question, was not included therein. The facts in this case concerning the qualification of this witness are very similar to those in Phillips v. East St. L. S. Ry. Co., 226 S.W. (Mo.) 863. In that case it was held that:
Where a witness testified that he had been a locomotive engineer 25 years, that he had served as a motorman for three years and a motor inspector for some months, and was familiar with defendant's electric cars, he was properly allowed to testify as an expert concerning the distance in which a car moving at twenty miles per hour could be stopped as against objection that he had not been shown to possess the necessary qualifications, and that the cars had not been described.
The objection, therefore, to the witness in the instant case is overruled.
V. Notwithstanding the fact that the petition in the instant case alleged six specifications of negligence the trial court withdrew from the jury all of these except that of the last-clear-chance or humanitarian doctrine. In this condition of the record the review of this case has been limited to Review. this issue. This course is authorized under the rule announced in Phillips v. Railroad, supra, in which it is held in effect that where the petition in an action against a street railroad company contains numerous assignments of negligence, but all except the assignment invoking the humanitarian doctrine were abandoned at the trial, only that one need be considered in determining the sufficiency of the petition. While in the instant case the sufficiency of the petition is not assailed the action of the trial court left, as the only issuable fact, the propriety of the application of the humanitarian doctrine. The rule invoked, therefore, in the Phillips case may appropriately be applied here.
There being no reversible error the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. All concur.