Summary
In Blaufus v. People of State of New York, 69 N.Y. 107 (1877), the question presented was whether a person who had been convicted of perjury but was awaiting sentencing was a "convicted perjurer" within the meaning of a statute barring convicted perjurers from being witnesses.
Summary of this case from United States v. BirrellOpinion
Argued February 21, 1877
Decided March 20, 1877
Mr. Kinney, for the plaintiff in error.
D.N. Lockwood, district attorney, for the defendants in error.
The plaintiff in error was tried at a criminal term of the Superior Court, of the city of Buffalo, for a violation of the statute against the subornation of perjury; (2 R.S., p. 681, § 3.) The people, to maintain the issue on their behalf, called as a witness one Frederick Vorst. The plaintiff in error objected to any testimony being given by that person, on the ground that he had been tried and convicted of the crime of perjury, and that he was incompetent by statute. The statute relied upon is in these words: "Every person who shall wilfully and corruptly swear, testify or affirm, falsely * * * shall, upon conviction, be adjudged guilty of perjury, and shall not thereafter be received as a witness, to be sworn in any matter or cause whatever, until the judgment against him be reversed." (2 R.S., p. 681, § 1.) To sustain this objection it was shown by record evidence that Vorst had been indicted and put on trial for perjury; that a jury had found a verdict of guilty against him, and that he was then in custody awaiting sentence upon the verdict. Vorst was however permitted by the court to testify, on the ground that the rendition of a verdict of guilty by the jury did not bring the case within the statute, and that he was not incompetent as a witness until the judgment of the court had pronounced sentence upon him.
We have lately, in civil cases, been called upon to construe statutes of similar import. We have held in them that there was no conviction merely upon the finding of the question of fact, and that there must also be a judgment of the court.
These cases arose under the acts relating to dower, and the forfeiture of it by adultery; (1 R.S., p. 741, § 8; 2 R.S., p. 146, § 38; Pitts v. Pitts, 52 N.Y., 593; Schiffer v. Pruden, 64 N.Y., 47.) We do not think that it is different under the criminal statutes involved in this case. In ordinary phrase, the meaning of the word conviction is, the finding by the jury of a verdict that the accused is guilty. But in legal parlance, if often denotes the final judgment of the court; (2 Dwarris on Stats. [2d Lon. ed.], 683; Foster's Case, 11 Rep., 107; Keithler v. State, 10 Sm. M. [18 Miss.], 192; Reg. v. Hicks, 1 Den. Cr. Cas., 84.) It has long been held, though, that whether or not the word means the finding of fact by verdict or otherwise, or the judgment of the court, that to shut a person from the witness-box, by reason of his conviction of treason, felony, or crimen falsi, his guilt must be shown by a judgment. In Lee v. Gansel, Cowp. 3, Ld. MANSFIELD lays it down that "a conviction upon a charge of perjury is not sufficient, unless followed by a judgment. I know of no case," he says, "where a conviction alone has been an objection, because, upon motion on arrest of judgment, it may have been, or may be, quashed." And before that, in Fitz v. Smallbrook, 1 Keble, 134; [S.C.] T. Raymond, 32; and sub nom., Wicks v. Smallbrooke, Sidf., 51; a witness was proffered against whom a jury had found a verdict of guilty of perjury, which by the death of OLIVER, the Protector, was kept from judgment. It was held, that he was not thereby rendered incompetent. It is to be queried, however, whether there did not enter into this decision somewhat of the idea that the trial and the verdict being in the time of OLIVER, all things judicial done then were coram non judice; "discontinued by the alteration of the government," as it is put in Siderfin. But on the other hand, the case from Keble ( supra) is cited as authority, in Loffts' edition of an old text book of repute; (Ld. Ch. BARON GILBERT'S Law of Evidence, vol. 1, p. 261.) He thus states the rule: "An indictment for perjury, and verdict thereon, and no judgment entered, cannot be admitted to weaken the credit of any witness; for if there be no judgment entered, the allegata must be supposed defective, and a man cannot be intended to make competent proof upon insufficient allegata."
A kindred rule is, that a plea of autre fois convict can be proven only by the record; and the indictment, with the finding of the jury, etc., indorsed by the proper officer, is not sufficient, although it appear that no record has been made up; ( Rex v. Bowman, 6 Car. P., 99.) This is not a nisi prius decision, but has the authority of the court of K.B. But there is authority of a later date than some of those cited, and nearer at home. In Skinner v. Perst (1 Ashm., 57), the rule is recognized that a conviction without an attainder does not destroy the competency of a witness. (See also, Cushman v. Loker, 2 Mass., 108.) The People v. Herrick (13 J.R., 82), is always considered an authority to this point. The People v. Whipple (9 Cowen, 707), is express. So is Dawley v. The State ( 4 Ind., 128.)
If the question was new with this case, we should not have doubt but that the witness was competent. The statute, above quoted, itself declares the disability of the witness, and affixes it as a consequence. He "shall not thereafter be received as a witness," says the statute. Thereafter what? After that he shall "be adjudged guilty of perjury;" and he shall "be adjudged guilty of perjury," upon conviction of wilfully and corruptly swearing falsely. So that first, according to the statute, comes the conviction; whereupon follows the judgment, of sentence upon the guilty, and thereafter he shall not be received as a witness.
The learned counsel for the plaintiff in error contends that there is no difference in meaning between the words "deemed" and "adjudged," used in the penal enactments of the Revised Statutes, and urges that the word "adjudged," in the section under consideration, should be read as if written "deemed." It is, perhaps, enough to say that it, in fact, reads "adjudged," and that whatever difference there is between the two terms, is in favor of our interpretation of the statute. Moreover, the phrase "deemed," is not in its meaning, when used in legislative expression, so much more favorable to the plaintiff in error, as to turn us from our view of the question. To "damn" or "condemn," is "to deem, think or judge any one, to be guilty, to be criminal — to give judgment, or sentence, or doom of guilt; to adjudge, or declare the penalty or punishment" (Rich. Dict., in voce, damn); and " judge not, that ye be not judged," of our New Testament, is "Nyle ye deme, that ghe be not demed," of Wicliffe.
There is another peculiarity of the statute against perjury which requires notice and strengthens our view of it. It, unlike many other statutes defining crimes and fixing the punishment, does not lean upon still another statute for the incompetency to testify of those who are adjudged guilty of a violation; (2 R.S., p. 701, § 23.) It, by its own declaration, fixes it that any one "adjudged guilty of perjury; * * shall not thereafter be received as a witness, to be sworn in any matter or cause whatever, until judgment against him be reversed"; (2 R.S., 681, § 1.) The person adjudged guilty may not be restored to competency by pardon, as inability is not a consequence, but a part, of the judgment ( Rex v. Crosby, 2 Salk., 689; Holdridge v. Gillespie, 2 J.C.R., 30), though it matters not that it be not in fact made a formal part of the judgment; (1 Greenl. Ev., § 378, n. 1.) But to restore to competency the judgment must be reversed, not the conviction, if the conviction be no more than the verdict. If the plaintiff in error be correct, there might be the painful position of a verdict of guilty, (a conviction, as he would claim, which would render incompetent to testify), and no judgment entered, to reverse which writ of error could be brought, so that competency could be restored. We are aware that the Revised Statutes are provident for the accused person, that the district attorney and the clerk shall make up a record of judgment and enter the same upon the minutes; (2 R.S., p. 738, §§ 4 et seq.) Yet it seems that that which is to be reversed to restore competency, is that which unreversed alone creates incompetency.
Again, when the statute law undertakes, by general provision, to affix incompetency to testify to persons guilty of certain offences, it says: "No person sentenced upon a conviction for felony shall be competent to testify, etc;" (2 R.S., p. 701, § 23.) We see no reason why one guilty of perjury should be made incapable before sentence rather than one guilty of other felony; more especially as we find in the perjury statute the phrase, "shall, upon conviction, be adjudged guilty of perjury," which is tantamount to the other one of "sentenced upon a conviction for felony."
We are brought to the conclusion that, although the word conviction is not always used in the books to express the same idea or judicial act, yet that its use in the enactment under consideration is not enough to overcome the authorities which we have cited, and that the considerations urged for the plaintiff in error from other acts are not enough to convince us of error in the courts below.
We are of the opinion that until a person, found guilty of perjury by the verdict of a jury, has received judgment and sentence from the court, he is not incompetent to speak as a witness.
The judgment must, therefore, be affirmed.
All concur.
Judgment affirmed.