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finding that gang-related testimony with "limited probative value . . . unduly prejudiced [the defendant,] as it preyed on the jurors' emotions and invoked their negative feelings about gangs in our society"
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CIVIL ACTION NO. 03-CV-71206-DT
March 19, 2004
Steven F. Fishman, Detriot, MI, for Petitioner.
Janet Van Cleve, Michigan Department of Attorney General, Lansing, MI, for Respondent.
OPINION AND ORDER CONDITIONALLY GRANTING PETITION FOR WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS
Staff Attorney Cheryl Takacs Bell provided quality research assistance.
Roy Blackmon ("Petitioner"), a state prisoner presently confined at the Ryan Correctional Facility in Detroit, Michigan, has filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Petitioner was convicted of second-degree murder, two counts of assault with intent to do great bodily harm, and felony firearm following a jury trial in the Wayne County Circuit Court in 1999. He was sentenced to 40-60 years imprisonment on the murder conviction, concurrent terms of 3-10 years imprisonment on each of the assault convictions, and a consecutive term of two years imprisonment on the firearm conviction.
In his habeas pleadings, Petitioner raises claims concerning the improper admission of evidence, prosecutorial misconduct, the finding of harmless error, and jury bias. For the reasons stated below, the petition for a writ of habeas corpus is conditionally granted.
I. Facts
Petitioner's convictions stem from the shooting death of Kenneth Tinsley and the wounding of Michael Hearn and Tiffany Smith on Woodmont Street in Detroit, Michigan on April 12, 1998. During opening statements, the prosecutor claimed that eyewitness testimony would demonstrate that Petitioner committed the shooting. The prosecutor further stated:
See, this isn't just a serious crime. See, this is a — looks like and what will appear to you to be a little feud. See, the defendant, Mr. Blackmon, it's alleged through other witnesses which you're going to hear, is a member of the Schoolcraft Boys, Schoolcraft Boys being a local gang that hang out around the area of Schoolcraft Road. And those individuals don't get along too well with the individuals who live on Woodmont, including possibly my — some of my witnesses.
Trial Tr., pp. 154-55.
The prosecution presented the testimony of the two surviving victims of the shooting at trial. Michael Hearn identified Petitioner as the shooter and said that he knew him from the neighborhood. Hearn also stated that he would associate Petitioner and a man named Duane Harris ("Harris"), aka Jimmy Crost, with a group called the Schoolcraft Boys, but Hearn did not claim that the incident was related to any gang dispute. Hearn testified that he was standing outside Nancy Ellis' home on Woodmont Street on April 12, 1998 when he saw Harris leave the house around 8:15 p.m. He saw a burgundy Impala come down the street and saw Petitioner exit the passenger side. Petitioner was wearing blue jeans, a red shirt, and a red hat with braids hanging out. The car pulled into the alley as Petitioner stood in front of Ellis' house and spoke to Harris. As Harris walked toward the alley, Petitioner turned and started shooting. Hearn heard six to eight shots. The first two shots hit Hearn in the right arm and back of the neck.
Defense counsel objected to the admission of gang-related evidence and argument throughout the trial, but the trial court admitted the evidence finding that it was related to identification, motive, and/or the reluctance of witnesses to testify.
While in the hospital, Hearn gave police a detailed description of the shooter, but his police statement did not include a name. Hearn initially testified that he thought he gave the officer the name "Roy," but then said he could not recall whether he did so. He then stated that he did not give the name "Roy" because that he wanted to make sure he named the right person. Hearn and Arthur Anderson were called by police and asked to attend a line-up following the shooting. Hearn identified Petitioner as the shooter at that line-up.
Tiffany Smith, who was 10 years old at the time of the shooting, testified that she thought she heard two people shooting — one from the alley and one from the street. She could not identify the shooters. Smith was shot in the hip while standing on her bicycle. Smith also testified that she saw the phrase "RIP Tiffany" signed by the Schoolcraft Gang on a school slide following the incident, but denied being afraid to testify.
Several witnesses to the shooting also testified at trial. Arthur Anderson identified Petitioner as the shooter and stated that he knew Petitioner from high school. Anderson lived on Woodmont Street and was on his porch when the shooting occurred. Anderson testified that he saw Petitioner wearing a red hat, pointing a gun, and shooting toward his house where Kenyatta Simons and other men were standing. Anderson heard shots from one weapon as he ran into his house. Anderson stated that he did not see Michael Hearn or Duane Harris at the time of the shooting. Anderson testified that the shooting occurred around 8:00 p.m. and it was daylight.
Anderson said that he discussed the shooting with Michael Hearn when Hearn got home from the hospital. Anderson identified Petitioner at a pre-trial line-up. Anderson explained that he was at Hearn's home when the police called and asked him to come to the station to identify "Roy." He went to the station with Hearn, but they participated in separate line-ups. Anderson admitted that he was currently being detained for failing to appear in court. He said that he felt intimidated by police. He also testified that he believed that Petitioner and Harris were members of a gang called the Schoolcraft Boys and that this caused him fear or intimidation about testifying. Upon further questioning, Anderson clarified that he did not want to be involved in the proceedings and that he felt intimidated by the whole thing because it was a murder case.
Nancy Ellis testified that she lived on Woodmont Street where the shooting occurred. Duane Harris was visiting her with his daughter on April 12, 1998 when Kenyatta Simons stopped by. Simons was angry and told her to tell Harris that he was going to get shot when he came outside. Nancy Ellis had recently stopped dating Simons. Harris then asked to use the telephone and she heard him say, "Come get me, I'm on Woodmont," to the recipient of the call. Ellis saw a burgundy Impala drive up and saw a person in a red shirt, whom she did not identify, exit the car. She then heard five shots. Ellis admitted telling the police that she had received a call from a person she thought was Petitioner shortly after the shooting instructing her not to identify him. Ellis testified that the shooter was too far way for her to identify. She acknowledged telling police who her sister Adrienne identified as the shooter. She also claimed that the police pressured her into making a statement and that she was reluctant to testify. When questioned about the gang issue, Ellis testified that Harris associates with the Schoolcraft Boys but she was not sure if he was a gang member.
Tiffany Goggans testified that she was in a back room of the Ellis home when the shooting occurred. She heard four or five shots, but did not see the shooting. She admitted that prior to trial she gave police a statement indicating that Adrienne was saying that Petitioner was the shooter.
Defense counsel objected to the admission of this hearsay testimony, but the trial court allowed it as impeachment evidence and instructed the jury that the testimony was not admitted to establish the truth of the matter.
Autumn Taylor testified that she was at Ellis' home when she heard several gunshots. She dropped to the sidewalk and crawled to the house. She did not see the shooter, but indicated that Nancy Ellis told her who it was following the incident.
Adrienne Ellis testified that she was visiting her sister Nancy on April 12, 1998. She saw Kenyatta Simons come over and speak to her sister, push her face, and say that he was going to shoot Duane Harris when he left the house. While she was on the porch, she saw an Impala pull up and park in the alley. Harris went outside. Adrienne Ellis then saw a black man exit the car. She could not identify the man or recall his clothing, but she saw a gun. She heard five or six shots and ran inside the house and called the police. She admitted that she identified the shooter as "Roy" in her police statement, but said that she did not know who it was. She claimed that while she was being questioned at the police station, officers told her that she would be arrested if she did not identify Petitioner as the shooter.
Kenyatta Simons testified that he was friends with Michael Hearn and had dated Nancy Ellis. He denied being upset that Duane Harris was at Ellis' home and denied having words with either of them. He testified that he saw the shooter in front of Ellis' house wearing red, but did not identify him. He saw Harris walk from Ellis' house to the shooter on the sidewalk and saw a car in the alley. He then heard five or six shots and realized that Michael Hearn, Kenneth Tinsley, and the little girl were hit. Simons ducked when he heard the shots.
Police Officer Marlise Harowski testified that she found five casings at the scene of the shooting. Her preliminary complaint report did not list Arthur Anderson, Nancy Ellis, Adrienne Ellis, or Michael Hearn as witnesses and indicated that the shooting occurred at night.
The defense presented two witnesses. Duane Harris testified that he visited Nancy Ellis with his daughter on April 12, 1998. He heard Kenyatta Simons say that he was going to shoot him, but did not believe it. He then heard arguing and gunshots, but did not see the shooter. He ran away with his daughter, leaving the car he was using in the driveway. When he discovered that police were looking for him in connection with the shooting, he consulted a lawyer and turned himself in. He was subsequently released for lack of evidence against him. Harris testified that he was Petitioner's friend and that he did not see Petitioner at the scene of the shooting. He also denied being involved in a gang.
After Harris testified, one of the jurors gave the court a note asking if the jury could be released ten minutes prior to the rest of the people after "sentencing" rather than five minutes earlier as on previous days. Defense counsel sought to exclude the juror. After questioning the juror about possible bias and finding that she could fairly decide the case and had not tainted the other jurors, the trial court refused to dismiss the juror.
Petitioner also testified on his own behalf at trial. He stated that he was at home when the shooting occurred. He denied being involved in the shooting and denied calling Nancy Ellis about the incident. Petitioner stated that he turned himself in when he learned that police were seeking him in connection with the shooting. In response to questions on cross-examination, Petitioner claimed that he had nothing against any of the witnesses and said that they must be mistaken in their testimony. He also denied being involved in a gang.
Defense counsel objected to the prosecutor's questions about other witnesses' credibility. The trial court upheld some objections but overruled others without much explanation.
During closing argument, the prosecutor made repeated references to Petitioner's alleged gang affiliation, the Schoolcraft Boys, and the purported witnesses' fear in testifying. Specifically, the prosecutor made the following arguments:
And Arthur Anderson's under the gun even more because he candidly admitted to you on the stand I'm intimidated. Who are you intimidated I asked him by, the police? Well, yeah, the police and other things. What other things? He knows that the defendant and his buddy, Jimmy Crost or Duane Harris or however you want to know his — his name or however he identified himself, member of these Schoolcraft Boys. Matter of fact, during the testimony he looked around and I asked him do you see any of them, any others in the courtroom? And he looked around and looked right at Mr. Blackmon, if you caught that.
Trial Tr., pp. 757-58.
Funny, Tiffany Smith as she's sitting on her playground at her school goes over to the slide in the school and it says R.I.P. Tiffany Smith, signed love, the Schoolcraft Boys, not love, and Tiffany doesn't. Tiffany Smith, I mean you can gather from her age, is she scared? Yes, she's scared. Scared why, because she told her mother? This is the intimidation. That's why people are scared of these people.Id. at 768.
This gang stuff, this is nothing I'm making up out of the blue. This is what witnesses indicated. Tomorrow, the next day after another case, there might be another gang member, might be an unrelated shooting, but today and since Wednesday, we have had the Schoolcraft Boys.
* * *
And strangely enough, something is causing a whole lot of fear in these witnesses. Something is causing a whole lot of fear about this man here, Mr. Blackmon. Not just run of the mill stuff, I'm testifying against a shooter, something about the Schoolcraft Boys . . . .Id. at 808-09.
I hope nobody expected him to say I'm a gang member because that's not going to happen. . . . you don't throw your common sense out the door when you're sitting here in that chair and all these people are identifying you and you're laughing about it. Why? Because you're going to take care of business later. Obviously you didn't scare these witnesses enough. You should have wrote tombstones on their front doors.Id. at 812. The prosecutor concluded his rebuttal by telling the jury:
I don't know anything about this gang stuff and I can be naive. That's in this case. That's what this case is about.Id. at 816.
At the close of trial, the jury convicted Petitioner of second-degree murder, two counts of assault with intent to do great bodily harm, and felony firearm. The trial court subsequently sentenced him to a term of 40-60 years imprisonment, two concurrent terms of 3-10 years imprisonment, and a consecutive term of two years imprisonment on those convictions, respectively.
II. Procedural History
Following sentencing, Petitioner filed an appeal as of right with the Michigan Court of Appeals, asserting claims concerning the improper admission of evidence, prosecutorial misconduct, and sentencing. The Michigan Court of Appeals affirmed Petitioner's convictions and sentence. People v. Blackmon, No. 219350, 2001 WL 1081603 (Mich.Ct.App. Sept. 14, 2001) (unpublished). Petitioner filed a delayed application for leave to appeal with the Michigan Supreme Court raising the same claims, which was denied. People v. Blackmon, 467 Mich. 851, 649 N.W.2d 78 (2002).
Petitioner, through counsel, filed the present petition for writ of habeas corpus asserting the following claims:
I. The erroneous admission of irrelevant and highly prejudicial testimony alleging Petitioner was a member of a gang deprived him of his due process right to a fair trial under the Federal Constitution.
II. Petitioner was denied his due process right to a fair trial under the Federal Constitution due to repeated, intentional, and outrageous prosecutorial misconduct.
a. The prosecutor improperly elicited and used for prejudicial purposes the alleged gang affiliation;
b. The prosecutor improperly introduced hearsay evidence under the guise of impeachment evidence;
c. The prosecutor engaged in misconduct by questioning Petitioner as to his opinion on the believability of prosecution witnesses.
III. The trial judge violated Petitioner's due process right to a fair trial under the Federal Constitution by refusing to excuse an empaneled juror where the juror indicated prior to the close of the evidence that she had already adjudged Petitioner guilty, and may have infected the remaining jurors with such bias and prejudgment.
IV. The Michigan Court of Appeals' failure to reverse Petitioner's convictions on harmless error grounds after finding that both prosecutorial misconduct and the erroneous admission of prejudicial gang-related evidence occurred during his trial was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law.
Respondent has filed an answer to the petition contending that Petitioner's claims should be denied based upon exhaustion grounds and/or for lack of merit.
III. Standard of Review
Federal law imposes the following standard of review for habeas cases:
An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim —
(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceedings.28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). Additionally, this Court must presume the correctness of state court factual determinations. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).
IV. Analysis
A. Exhaustion
As an initial matter, Respondent contends that the petition should be dismissed for failure to exhaust state court remedies as to habeas claims I and II. Respondent contends that Petitioner failed to properly federalize the issues before the state courts.
A prisoner filing a petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 must first exhaust all state remedies. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b), (c); O'Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 842 119 S.Ct. 1728, 144 L.Ed.2d 1 (1999); Rust v. Zent, 17 F.3d 155, 160 (6th Cir. 1994). Exhaustion requires that a prisoner "fairly present" the substance of each federal constitutional claim to the state courts using citations to the United States Constitution, federal decisions using constitutional analysis, state decisions employing constitutional analysis in similar fact patterns, or alleging facts well within the mainstream of constitutional law. See McMeans v. Brigano, 228 F.3d 674, 681-82 (6th Cir. 2000); Levine v. Torvik, 986 F.2d 1506, 1516 (6th Cir. 1993)). The mere assertion of phrases like "fair trial" or "due process" is insufficient to satisfy the exhaustion requirement; a state prisoner must present his claims as federal constitutional claims. See McMeans, 228 F.3d at 681-82. Additionally, the `"factual and theoretical substance of a claim must be presented to state courts to render it exhausted for federal habeas corpus purposes.'" Manning v. Alexander, 912 F.2d 878, 881 (6th Cir. 1990) (citations omitted). The burden is on the petitioner to prove exhaustion. Rust, 17 F.3d at 160.
In this case, Petitioner fairly presented the substance of his first and second habeas claims as federal issues before the Michigan appellate courts on direct appeal of his convictions. With regard to his first habeas claim, Petitioner cited the federal constitution in his brief headings and cited to specific constitutional provisions, as well as the federal case of Dawson v. Delaware, 503 U.S. 159 (1992), in making his argument. Similarly, with regard to his second habeas claim, Petitioner cited the federal constitution in his brief headings and cited to specific constitutional provisions, as well as the federal cases of Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637 (1974), and Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78 (1935), in making his argument. The record thus reveals that Petitioner fairly presented the factual and legal substance of his federal claims to the state courts on direct appeal of his convictions. The fact that those courts may have chosen to rely upon state law, rather than federal law, in resolving those claims is of no consequence for purposes of determining whether Petitioner has satisfied the exhaustion rule. See Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 275 (1971); Swanger v. Zimmerman, 750 F.2d 291, 295 (3rd Cir. 1984). The Court will therefore address the merits of Petitioner's claims.
B. Gang Affiliation Evidentiary Claim
Petitioner first claims that he is entitled to habeas relief because the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his alleged gang affiliation and that this error resulted in a violation of his right to a fair trial. Respondent contends that this claim lacks merit.
Alleged trial court errors in the application of state evidentiary law are generally not cognizable as grounds for federal habeas relief. See Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 67-68 (1991); Serra v. Michigan Dept. of Corrections, 4 F.3d 1348, 1354 (6th Cir. 1993). However, when an evidentiary ruling is "so egregious that it results in a denial of fundamental fairness, it may violate due process and thus warrant habeas relief." Bugh v. Mitchell, 329 F.3d 496, 512 (6th Cir. 2003); see also Clemmons v. Sowders, 34 F.3d 352, 356 (6th Cir. 1994).
The Michigan Court of Appeals considered this issue as a matter of state law and concluded that the trial court erred in admitting the gang-affiliation evidence because the evidence of Petitioner's "alleged association with the Schoolcraft Gang was unfairly prejudicial and merited exclusion under MRE 403." In reaching this conclusion, the court rejected the trial court's justifications of identification, motive, and witness intimidation for admitting the evidence. However, the court went on to conclude that the error was harmless given the evidence of Petitioner's guilt presented at trial. See Blackmon, 2001 WL 1081603 at *l-3.
The Michigan Court of Appeals did not address whether the erroneous admission of the gang evidence constituted a denial of Petitioner's federal rights. Accordingly, this Court must conduct an independent review of the state court's decision. See Harris v. Stovall, 212 F.3d 940, 943 (6th Cir. 2000). This independent review requires the federal court to "review the record and applicable law to determine whether the state court decision is contrary to federal law, unreasonably applies clearly established law, or is based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented." Id. This independent review "is not a full, de novo review of the claims, but remains deferential because the court cannot grant relief unless the state court's result is not in keeping with the strictures of the AEDPA." Id.
As noted, the Michigan Court of Appeals' found that the admission of the gang-affiliation evidence was erroneous under Michigan law. The Court accepts that finding as federal courts must defer to a state court's judgment on issues of state law. See, e.g., Vroman v. Brigano, 346 F.3d 598, 603 (6th Cir. 2003). The question for the Court is thus whether the admission of the gang-affiliation evidence rose to the level of a constitutional violation such that it rendered Petitioner's trial fundamentally unfair.
The United States Supreme Court has held that the admission of gang affiliation testimony may be appropriate when it is probative of a witness's bias toward a defendant. See United States v. Abel, 469 U.S. 45, 49 (1984) (government could impeach defense witness by showing that he and defendant were members of same gang whose members were sworn to lie on behalf of each other). In keeping with Abel, federal courts have ruled that gang affiliation evidence is admissible only when it is relevant to a material issue in the case. See United States v. Takahashi, 205 F.3d 1161, 1164 (9th Cir. 2000). For example, gang affiliation evidence may be admissible to establish identity, United States v. Easter, 66 F.3d 1018, 1021 (9th Cir. 1995), an element of the crime such as with a conspiracy, United States v. Brown, 200 F.3d 700, 708 (10th Cir. 1999), opportunity, United States v. Jobson, 102 F.3d 214, 221 (6th Cir. 1996), motive, intent, or plan, Snell v. Lockhart, 14 F.3d 1289, 1299 (8th Cir. 1994); United States v. Hawkins, 823 F.2d 1020, 1023 (7th Cir. 1987); Briggs v. Makowski, No. 00-70704-DT, 2000 WL 1279168, *4 (E.D. Mich. Aug. 18, 2000), the relationship between parties, United States v. Gibbs, 182 F.3d 408, 430 (6th Cir. 1999), or for impeachment such as establishing a witness's fear, United States v. Keys, 899 F.2d 983, 987 (10th Cir. 1990).
In this case, as found by the Michigan Court of Appeals, testimony regarding Petitioner's alleged gang membership was not necessary for the prosecution to establish its case and had little probative value. There was no evidence indicating that the shooting was motivated by gang activity. To the contrary, the testimony revealed that the shooting arose from a domestic situation involving Nancy Ellis, Kenyatta Simons, and Duane Harris. The prosecution offered testimony to demonstrate a friendship between Harris and Petitioner and had no cause to resort to the introduction of gang-affiliation testimony and argument to show motive, particularly since Harris and Petitioner both denied gang membership. Similarly, the gang-affiliation evidence was not necessary to establish identity. The main witnesses against Petitioner, Michael Hearn and Arthur Anderson, testified that they knew Petitioner from the neighborhood and from high school, respectively.
Additionally, as the Court of Appeals determined, Petitioner's alleged gang membership was not properly admitted for impeachment purposes, i.e., to show witness intimidation. Most witnesses, including Michael Hearn, Tiffany Smith, Nancy Ellis, and Adrienne Ellis, denied being afraid of Petitioner. Several witnesses, including Michael Hearn, Nancy Ellis, Adrienne Ellis, and Arthur Anderson stated that they were pressured by police and intimidated by prosecuting authorities. Of the witnesses who seemed reluctant to testify, only one, Arthur Anderson, indicated that he feared Petitioner because of his gang membership. However, Anderson then clarified that he felt intimidated and was reluctant to testify because it was a murder trial. Anderson further stated that he would have felt the same way no matter who was on trial. Thus, the record indicates that the gang evidence had little probative value in this case.
Further, the gang evidence was inherently prejudicial. The United States Supreme Court has determined that the submission of gang affiliation evidence in a criminal proceeding may be constitutional error when such evidence is irrelevant to the issues at hand. See Dawson v. Delaware, 503 U.S. 159, 165 (1992) (defendant's First Amendment rights were violated by the admission of gang evidence in sentencing proceedings where the evidence proved nothing more than his abstract beliefs). Federal courts have long-recognized that gang evidence is highly prejudicial as most jurors are likely to view a criminal defendant's gang membership with disfavor. See Jobson, 102 F.3d at 214, 219 n. 4; accord United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1285 (11th Cir. 2003). The Seventh Circuit has explained:
Gangs generally arouse negative connotations and often invoke images of criminal activity and deviant behavior. There is therefore always the possibility that a jury will attach a propensity for committing crimes to defendants who are affiliated with gangs or that a jury's negative feelings toward gangs will influence its verdict. Guilt by association is a genuine concern whenever gang evidence is admitted.United States v. Irvin, 87 F.3d 860, 865 (7th Cir. 1996). Simply put, evidence of gang membership, as with other evidence of uncharged misconduct intended to show criminal propensity, "deflects a jury's attention from the immediate charges and causes it to prejudge a person with a disreputable past, thereby denying that person a fair opportunity to defend against the offense that is charged." United States v. Roark, 924 F.2d 1426, 1434 (8th Cir. 1991) (citing Michelson v. United States, 335 U.S. 469, 476 (1948)). Evidence that makes a conviction "more likely because it provokes an emotional response in the jury or otherwise tends to adversely affect the jury's attitude toward the defendant wholly apart from its judgment as to his guilt or innocence of the crime charged" should be excluded when it has little probative value. See United States v. Hodges, 770 F.2d 1475, 1480 (9th Cir. 1985); see also Fed.R.Evid. 403, 404.
Federal courts have found that the improper admission of gang evidence can be sufficiently prejudicial so as to warrant reversal of a conviction. For example, in United States v. Hendrix, 52 F.3d 326, 1995 WL 218472, *2-3 (6th Cir. 1995), the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that the admission of gang evidence impermissibly tainted a criminal defendant's trial where there was no proof that the crime involved gang activity and the gang evidence seemed intended to "appeal to jurors' prejudices about the young black men, rather than to their disinterested judgment of [the defendant's] guilt or innocence of the charged crime." See also Irvin, supra, 87 F.3d at 864-66 (trial court abused its discretion in not excluding, under Fed.R.Evid. 403, evidence of gang membership when its probative value was minimal, and when "highly charged gang-affiliation evidence served as a substitute for . . . direct evidence, increasing the chance of guilt purely by association"); United States v. Elkins, 70 F.3d 81, 83-85 (10th Cir. 1995) (trial court erred in admitting evidence of defendant's gang membership in federal firearm case where prosecution had not established that defendant and witness had common gang membership and had not shown biased testimony due to fear); Roark, supra, 924 F.2d at 1432-34 (prosecution's attempt throughout trial to tie defendant's guilt directly to his association with motorcycle club was reversible error that limiting instructions could not cure); cf. United States v. Wheeler, 67 Fed. Appx. 296, 300 (6th Cir. 2003) (finding that evidence of defendant's gang involvement was improperly admitted where it had no probative value in drug conspiracy case and created inference that defendant was involved in conspiracy based upon his association with notorious gang but concluding that such error was harmless given extensive evidence of guilt).
State courts have similarly found that the improper admission of gang evidence may be sufficiently prejudicial so as to warrant reversal of a conviction. In People v. Wells, 103 Mich. App. 122, 129-30, 302 N.W.2d 196 (1981), for instance, the Michigan Court of Appeals concluded that a trial court abused its discretion in a murder case by admitting evidence of past violence between two motorcycle gangs to establish that the murders were motivated by "bad blood" and an attempt to uphold the honor of one club because there was no showing that the gang rivalry had any bearing on the defendant's conduct. See also State v. Huff, 763 N.E.2d 695, 704 (Ohio App. 1 Dist. 2001) (decision to admit defendant's tattoos and allow gang references was unreasonable as evidence "bore no relevance to the case and could be viewed as inflammatory and an attack on the character of [defendant]"); Macias v. State, 959 S.W.2d 332, 339 (Tex.App. 1997) (trial court erred in admitting gang evidence where such evidence was irrelevant to the robbery and murder and error was not harmless given prosecution's emphasis on gang affiliation).
In this case, the gang-related testimony presented at trial unduly prejudiced Petitioner as it preyed on the jurors' emotions and invoked their negative feelings about gangs in our society. The testimony encouraged the jurors to find: (1) that Petitioner was member of the Schoolcraft Boys gang; (2) that witnesses were intimidated by Petitioner because of his gang affiliation; and (3) that Petitioner must have committed the crime because witnesses feared him and the Schoolcraft Boys. Put another way, the admission of the gang evidence eroded the presumption of innocence because it encouraged jurors to find Petitioner guilty of the offense based upon his purported gang affiliation rather than the evidence presented at trial. Such a process is inconsistent with the demands of due process and the constitutional guarantee of a fair trial. Given the limited probative value of the gang affiliation testimony and its highly prejudicial effect upon the jury, this Court concludes that the trial court constitutionally erred in admitting such testimony.
The next issue to be decided by the Court is whether the erroneous admission of the gang affiliation testimony deprived Petitioner of a fair trial or whether it was harmless error as a matter of federal law. The Michigan Court of Appeals found the admission of the evidence to be a non-constitutional harmless error because it was not "outcome determinative" in light of the untainted evidence against Petitioner — namely the eyewitness identifications of Petitioner by Michael Hearn and Arthur Anderson. The state court did not address this issue as a federal question. Accordingly, this Court will undertake the independent review of the state court's decision mandated by Harris, supra, 111 F.3d at 943.
For purposes of federal habeas review, a constitutional error that implicates trial procedures is considered harmless if it did not have a "substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict." Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993); see also O'Neal v. McAninch, 513 U.S. 432, 445 (1995) (habeas court should grant petition if it has "grave doubt" about whether trial error had substantial and injurious effect or influence upon jury's verdict). Harmless error analysis applies to claims involving the improper admission of evidence, see, e.g., Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 52-53 (1970), as well as claims of prosecutorial misconduct. See Mason v. Mitchell, 320 F.3d 604, 635 (6th Cir. 2003).
As discussed supra, the admission of the gang-affiliation evidence was so inherently prejudicial that it likely tainted the whole trial. With this in mind, the Court cannot conclude that the admission of the evidence was harmless under the standard set forth in Brecht. Contrary to the finding of the Michigan Court of Appeals, the record reveals that the evidence against Petitioner was far from overwhelming. There was no physical evidence linking Petitioner to the shooting. His conviction rested solely upon the identification testimony of witnesses to the shooting. Most eyewitnesses were unable (or unwilling) to identify the shooter at trial. Only two witnesses, Michael Hearn and Arthur Anderson, identified Petitioner as the shooter at trial. Their testimony, however, was subject to significant challenge.
First, as to Michael Hearn's testimony, the record indicates that he did not identify Petitioner by name as the shooter in his initial police statement despite having known him from the neighborhood for years. In fact, Hearn gave a detailed description of the man who did the shooting, but did not name Petitioner, even though he included many other names in his description of the incident. When asked about this anomaly, Hearn claimed that he did not name Petitioner as the shooter because he had to make sure it was the right person. Hearn did not explain how he discovered who was the right person.
Second, with regard to Arthur Anderson's testimony, the record indicates that his identification may have been tainted. Anderson testified that he identified Petitioner at a pre-trial line-up after the police asked him if he knew what Petitioner looked like and asked whether he could pick "Roy" out of a line-up. Anderson admitted that the police told him that "Roy" did the shooting and that they were coming to get him so that he could identify "Roy" in the line-up. Anderson also admitted discussing the case with Michael Hearn following the shooting. Anderson's testimony also conflicted with other descriptions of the event in that he stated that did not see Michael Hearn or Duane Harris outside when the shooting occurred and he claimed that the shooting occurred when the sun was shining despite the fact that it happened at 8:15 p.m. Given the questionable identifications by these witnesses, this Court cannot conclude that the error in admitting the gang-affiliation testimony was harmless.
Further, the Court is mindful that the trial court failed to take appropriate action to minimize the prejudicial effect of the gang evidence on the jury, e.g., by clearly instructing the jury to limit their consideration of the gang affiliation testimony to a proper purpose, e.g., impeachment. See Jobson, 102 F.3d at 222 (noting trial court's error in failing to instruct the jury on proper purpose of gang evidence and finding that such error was not harmless); see also Takahashi, 205 F.3d at 1165 (district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting gang evidence where it took steps to minimize undue prejudice); Burks v. Borg, 27 F.3d 1424, 1431 (9th Cir. 1994) (finding that gang evidence and argument was harmless error upon habeas review given trial court's "prompt and effective action" in instructing the jury on the evidence). The trial court's failure to clearly instruct the jury as to an appropriate purpose for consideration of the gang affiliation testimony exacerbated the prejudice to Petitioner and further supports a finding that the admission of the gang evidence was not harmless.
Having thoroughly reviewed the record, this Court finds that the Michigan Court of Appeals' decision that the admission of the gang evidence was harmless is inconsistent with United States Supreme Court precedent and constitutes an unreasonable application thereof and of the facts in light of the record. Given the inherently prejudicial effect of the gang evidence and the inconsistent and disputed identification testimony against Petitioner, this Court has grave doubt about whether the admission of the gang evidence had a substantial and injurious effect or influence upon the jury's verdict. Accordingly, this Court concludes that Petitioner is entitled to habeas relief on his gang affiliation evidentiary claim.
C. Gang Affiliation Prosecutorial Misconduct Claim
Petitioner also claims that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by soliciting the gang evidence and emphasizing Petitioner's alleged gang affiliation throughout the trial, particularly in closing arguments. Respondent contends that this claim is without merit.
It is well-settled that prosecutors must "refrain from improper methods calculated to produce a wrongful conviction." Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935). To prevail on a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, a habeas petitioner must demonstrate that the prosecutor's remarks "so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process." Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 643 (1974). The reviewing court's focus is on `"the fairness of the trial, not the culpability of the prosecutor.'" Pritchett v. Pitcher, 117 F.3d 959, 964 (6th Cir. 1997) (quoting Serra, 4 F.3d at 1355).
The Sixth Circuit has adopted a two-part test for determining whether prosecutorial misconduct violates a defendant's due process rights. See Macias v. Makowski, 291 F.3d 447, 452 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing cases). First, the court must determine whether the challenged statements were indeed improper. Id. at 452. Upon a finding of such impropriety, the court must then look to see if the statements were flagrant. Id. Flagrancy is determined by an examination of four factors: 1) whether the statements tended to mislead the jury or prejudice the accused; 2) whether the statements were isolated or among a series of improper statements; 3) whether the statements were deliberately or accidentally before the jury; and 4) the total strength of the evidence against the accused. Id; see also Boyle v. Million, 201 F.3d 711,717 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing United States v. Francis, 170 F.3d 546, 549-50 (6th Cir. 1999)). "[T]o constitute the denial of a fair trial, prosecutorial misconduct must be `so pronounced and persistent that it permeates the entire atmosphere of the trial,' or `so gross as probably to prejudice the defendant.'" Pritchett, 117 F.3d at 964 (citations omitted).
Essentially, this inquiry corresponds with the Court's determination as to whether the trial court erred in admitting the gang affiliation testimony. The ultimate question to be decided for purposes of both the evidentiary claim and the prosecutorial misconduct claim is whether Petitioner's trial was rendered fundamentally unfair.
In this case, the Michigan Court of Appeals found that the "prosecution's repeated solicitation of gang testimony and argument to the jury in the absence of a factual basis to support its theory constituted misconduct." The court further concluded, however, that the "non-constitutional" error was harmless given the strength of the evidence of Petitioner's guilt. See Blackmon, 2001 WL 1081603 at *2-3. As with the evidentiary claim, the Michigan Court of Appeals did not address whether the prosecutorial misconduct constituted a denial of Petitioner's federal rights. Accordingly, this Court must conduct an independent review of the state court's decision as mandated by Harris, supra, 212 F.3d at943.
Considering the factors discussed in Macias, this Court finds that the prosecutor's comments regarding Petitioner's alleged gang affiliation constituted misconduct and rendered Petitioner's trial fundamentally unfair as a matter of federal law. First, as found by the Michigan Court of Appeals and discussed supra, the prosecutor did not have a legitimate purpose for soliciting the gang-affiliation evidence. Moreover, once the evidence indicated that the shooting was not gang-related, the prosecutor had no basis for repeatedly pursuing the gang angle and claiming that the case was about gang violence. Similarly, once the witnesses denied being intimidated by Petitioner and/or the Schoolcraft Gang, the prosecutor had no basis for repeatedly arguing that those witnesses were intimidated by Petitioner's alleged gang affiliation — a fact which most of them denied. It is well-settled that it is misconduct for a prosecutor to misstate the evidence or to assume the existence of prejudicial facts not in evidence. See Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 182 (1986); see also Gordon v. Kelly, 205 F.3d 1340, 2000 WL 145144, *8-9 (6th Cir. 2000) (prosecutor was "not entitled to create out of whole cloth a reason for [the witness's] fear that [the witness] himself denied").
Even Arthur Anderson, who initially stated that he was intimidated by Petitioner, clarified that he was reluctant to testify because it was a murder case and that he would have felt the same way no matter who was on trial.
Second, the prosecutor's statements concerning the gang evidence were flagrant. The statements tended to mislead the jury by implying that Petitioner should be found guilty of the shooting based upon his alleged gang membership, i.e., guilt by association, rather than the evidence before the court. The prosecutor encouraged the jury to find Petitioner guilty of the crime based upon his bad character, as evidenced by his alleged gang membership. When a prosecutor "dwells on a defendant's bad character" to argue that the defendant committed the crime or had the propensity to commit the crime, the prosecutor has engaged in misconduct. See Washington v. Hofbauer, 228 F.3d 689, 699 (6th Cir. 2000). To be sure, the prosecutor's final words to the jury were: "I don't know anything about this gang stuff and I can be naive. That's in this case. That's what this case is about." Yet the evidence indicated that the shooting concerned a domestic situation unrelated to gang activity. The prosecutor had no right to suggest that the shooting was gang-related when no evidence was presented to support his claim. See Berger, supra, 295 U.S. at 84-85 (holding that it is improper for a prosecutor to assume the existence of prejudicial facts not in evidence). Moreover, as discussed in detail supra, evidence of gang membership is highly prejudicial and inflammatory. As one court has sardonically observed, "gangs suffer from `poor public relations.'" Irvin, 87 F.3d at 864 (citing cases).
Third, the prosecutor's statements were not isolated in nature, but rather constituted a pattern of questioning and argument throughout the trial. In fact, this Court found 16 instances in which the prosecutor asked questions, made references, or presented argument on the issue of gang affiliation. Throughout his closing argument, the prosecution argued that Petitioner was a gang member and that his affiliation with the Schoolcraft Boys instilled fear in witnesses and made them reluctant to testify. There is no question that those statements were deliberately placed before the jury and constituted part of the prosecution's strategy to convict Petitioner.
Lastly, as discussed supra, the evidence against Petitioner was not overwhelming. The Court thus finds that the prosecutor's misconduct rose to the level of a constitutional violation and rendered his trial fundamentally unfair. Further, as with the erroneous admission of the gang evidence itself, the Court has a grave doubt about whether the prosecutor's misconduct in repeatedly pursuing questions and argument on the issue of gang affiliation had a substantial or injurious effect or influence upon the jury's verdict. Accordingly, for the reasons indicated, this Court finds that the Michigan Court of Appeals' decision that the prosecutorial misconduct was harmless is inconsistent with United States Supreme Court precedent and constitutes an unreasonable application thereof and of the facts in light of the record. Petitioner is thus entitled to habeas relief on this prosecutorial misconduct claim.
D. Remaining Prosecutorial Misconduct Claims
Petitioner also claims that he is entitled to habeas relief because the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by improperly impeaching witness Tiffany Goggans and by questioning Petitioner about the credibility of other witnesses. Respondent contends that these claims lack merit.
As with Petitioner's gang-related claims, the Michigan Court of Appeals concluded that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by improperly impeaching Goggans and by asking Petitioner to comment on the credibility of other witnesses, but found such errors to be harmless as a matter of state law. See Blackmon, 2001 WL 1081603 at *2-3. This Court ordinarily would not find such errors, standing alone, to be sufficiently prejudicial so as to warrant habeas relief. In the context of this case, however, the Court cannot conclude that these actions by the prosecutor were harmless. Rather, the Court finds that the prosecutor's performance as to these matters, when considered in conjunction with the prosecutor's erroneous injection of gang affiliation testimony and argument, further deprived Petitioner of a fair trial. Put another way, the whole of the prosecutor's misconduct at trial and has left the Court with grave doubt about whether such error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence upon the jury's verdict. Petitioner is thus entitled to habeas relief on his prosecutorial misconduct claims.
E. Jury Bias Claim
Lastly, Petitioner asserts that he is entitled to habeas relief because the trial court refused to excuse an empaneled juror who had asked if the jury could be released from service early after "sentencing" before the defense had rested its case. Petitioner also claims that the juror may have tainted the other jury members. Respondent contends that this claim lacks merit.
It is well-settled that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial guarantees a criminal defendant a fair trial by a panel of impartial jurors. See Smith v. Phillips, 455 U.S. 209, 217 (1982) ("Due process means a jury capable and willing to decide the case solely on the evidence before it, and a trial judge ever watchful to prevent prejudicial occurrences and to determine the effect of such occurrences when they happen."); DeLisle v. Rivers, 161 F.3d 370, 382 (6th Cir. 1998) (citing Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 722(1961)). Additionally,
It is a generally accepted principle of trial administration that jurors must not engage in discussions of a case before they have heard the evidence and the court's legal instructions and have begun formally deliberating as a legal body.United States v. Resko, 3 F.3d 684, 688-89 (3rd Cir. 1993) (citing cases); see also United States v. Holloway, 166 F.3d 1215; 1998 WL 833767, *5 (6th Cir. 1998) (finding that trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying motion for post-verdict interrogation of jury based upon alleged premature deliberations); United States v. Copeland, 51 F.3d 611, 613-14 (6th Cir. 1995) (discussing claims of jury misconduct, including allegation that two jurors discussed witnesses before close of trial). Due process, however, does not require a new trial every time a juror has been placed in a potentially compromising situation. Smith, 455 U.S. at 217. A defendant must establish prejudice arising from the alleged misconduct. United States v. Bowling, 900 F.3d 926, 934 (6th Cir. 1990).
Interestingly, the National Law Journal recently reported that a study of Arizona juries indicated that it may be desirable to allow jurors to discuss testimony and evidence mid-trial while such matters are fresh in their minds. See 1/19/04 NLJ 1, Col. 4
Reviewing courts have recognized that the trial court is in the best position to determine the nature and extent of alleged jury misconduct, as well as the appropriate remedy for any demonstrated misconduct. See United States v. Gaitan-Acevedo, 148 F.3d 577, 590 (6th Cir. 1998) (citing United States v. Copeland, 51 F.3d 611, 613 (6th Cir. 1995)); United States v. Tines, 70 F.3d 891, 898 (6th Cir. 1995). A state court's factual findings concerning jury impartiality are presumed correct and may only be overcome by clear and convincing evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); DeLisle, 161 F.3d at 382 ("we may only overturn a state court's findings of juror impartiality if those findings were manifestly erroneous"); see also Quartararo v. Hanslmaier, 28 F. Supp.2d 744, 780 (E.D.N.Y. 1998).
In this case, the trial court questioned the juror who presented the note asking to be excused early after "sentencing" about possible bias. The juror explained that she just wanted to be excused early after the case was over and that she had misunderstood the effect of her use of the term "sentencing." The juror stated that she had not prejudged the case and that she could render a fair and impartial verdict based upon all of the evidence presented. While the juror admitted that she had told other jurors of her desire to be excused early at the close of trial, she said that she had not expressed an opinion about the case to the other jurors and that they had not yet discussed the case. Following this inquiry, the trial court concluded that the juror need not be disqualified.
On appeal, the Michigan Court of Appeals held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in this regard, stating:
A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to be tried by a fair and impartial jury. . . . The trial court's decision whether to disqualify a juror is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. . . .
The trial court determined after questioning the juror that she did not understand the significance of the legal term "sentencing" and that she merely requested to be excused early after completing her service. The juror stated that she used the term "sentencing" by mistake because she did not understand and she repeatedly asserted that she had not prejudged the case. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion of the trial court's decision not to remove the juror.Blackmon, 2001 WL 1081603 at *3 (internal citations omitted).
Having reviewed the record, this Court finds that the Michigan Court of Appeals' decision is consistent with United States Supreme Court precedent and constitutes a reasonable application thereof. The state courts reasonably determined that the juror's statements that she had not prejudged the case and would decide the case on its merits were credible. Petitioner has not presented any evidence to rebut this factual finding or to otherwise demonstrate that this juror or any of the other jurors were improperly biased. In fact, the juror informed the trial court that while she had mentioned her desire to leave after the trial to the other jurors, she had not used the term "sentencing" in communicating this desire. There is no reason to believe that the juror's request to be excused early at the close of trial negatively affected the ability of the remaining jurors to render an impartial decision. Conclusory allegations, without evidentiary support, do not provide a basis for habeas relief. See, e.g., Workman v. Bell, 160 F.3d 276, 287 (6th Cir. 1998) (conclusory allegations of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel do not warrant habeas relief); Zettlemoyer v. Fulcomer, 923 F.2d 284, 301 (3rd Cir. 1991) (bald assertions and conclusory allegations do not provide sufficient basis to hold an evidentiary hearing in habeas proceedings). Habeas relief is not warranted on this claim.
V. Conclusion
For the reasons stated, the Court concludes that Petitioner is entitled to federal habeas relief on the evidentiary and prosecutorial misconduct claims contained in his petition, but is not entitled to habeas relief on his jury bias claim.
Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that the petition for a writ of habeas corpus is CONDITIONALLY GRANTED. The State must retry Petitioner or release him from custody within 120 days of the date of this order. If the State fails to take such action, this Court shall consider the issuance of an additional writ unconditionally releasing Petitioner from state custody. Should the State appeal this decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, this order is stayed pending the disposition of that appeal.