Summary
applying issue preclusion but describing it as res judicata or claim preclusion
Summary of this case from PRYOR v. CITY OF LAN SINGOpinion
Docket No. 97633.
Decided June 6, 1988.
Joseph E. Mihelich, for plaintiff.
Eugene S. Hoiby and Beth A. Stotzky, for defendant.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from the trial court's order granting defendant's motion for summary disposition, MCR 2.116(C)(6) and (8). We reverse.
Plaintiff and defendant, both psychiatrists, were divorced in 1977. Plaintiff was awarded custody of the two minor children. On appeal, this Court affirmed in a memorandum opinion decided March 9, 1979, following which the Supreme Court denied leave to appeal.
In 1981, the divorce decree was modified to award custody of both children to defendant. On appeal, this Court reversed and remanded for an evidentiary hearing. Unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, decided July 2, 1982 (Docket No. 59772).
Following the evidentiary hearing, plaintiff was awarded custody of one child and defendant was awarded custody of the other.
On appeal, this Court reversed and defendant regained custody of both children. Unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, decided November 5, 1986 (Docket Nos. 86942 and 87207). The Supreme Court then denied leave to appeal.
In the interim, on September 30, 1986, plaintiff filed a complaint against defendant alleging intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress. She alleged outrageous conduct in that defendant used his training in psychiatry over an extended period of time to, among other things, "systematically manipulate, instigate, involuntarily convert, intimidate, indoctrinate and brainwash the minor children into totally rejecting" her to "the point of extreme antagonism and instilled hatred."
Defendant thereafter filed a motion for summary disposition. The trial court granted it, ruling that plaintiff's claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress failed as a matter of law. The court stated that the creation of negative relationships does not amount to outrageous conduct. The court also found plaintiff's claim to be barred by res judicata.
Plaintiff now claims that the trial court erred by granting defendant's motion for summary disposition because her complaint stated a claim on which relief could be granted and was not barred by res judicata.
A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the pleadings. Cockels v Int'l Business Expo, 159 Mich. App. 30, 33; 406 N.W.2d 465 (1987), lv den 428 Mich. 914 (1987). All well-pled allegations must be taken as true and the motion should be denied unless the alleged claims are so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development can possibly justify a right to recover. Hankins v Elro Corp, 149 Mich. App. 22, 26; 386 N.W.2d 163 (1986).
In Roberts v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 422 Mich. 594; 374 N.W.2d 905 (1985), the Supreme Court addressed the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress in the context of an insurance contract case in which the plaintiff was denied benefits. The Supreme Court determined that, because plaintiff failed to meet the threshold requirements of proof in order to make out a prima facie claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, the Court was constrained from reaching the issue as to whether this modern tort should be formally adopted into our jurisprudence. Id., p 597.
The Court did, however, identify the four elements that make up a prima facie claim: (1) extreme and outrageous conduct; (2) intent or recklessness; (3) causation; and (4) severe emotional distress. Id., p 602.
The Court then elaborated on the first element:
An oft-quoted Restatement comment summarizes the prevailing view of what constitutes "extreme and outrageous" conduct:
"The cases thus far decided have found liability only where the defendant's conduct has been extreme and outrageous. It has not been enough that the defendant has acted with an intent which is tortious or even criminal, or that he has intended to inflict emotional distress, or even that his conduct has been characterized by `malice', or a degree of aggravation which would entitle the plaintiff to punitive damages for another tort. Liability has been found only where the conduct has been so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community. Generally, the case is one in which the recitation of the facts to an average member of the community would arouse his resentment against the actor, and lead him to exclaim, `Outrageous!'
"The liability clearly does not extend to mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions, or other trivialities. The rough edges of our society are still in need of a good deal of filing down, and in the meantime plaintiffs must necessarily be expected and required to be hardened to a certain amount of rough language, and to occasional acts that are definitely inconsiderate and unkind. There is no occasion for the law to intervene in every case where some one's feelings are hurt. There must still be freedom to express an unflattering opinion, and some safety valve must be left through which irascible tempers may blow off relatively harmless steam. [Restatement Torts, 2d, § 46, comment d, pp 72-73.]" [ Id., pp 602-603.]
The Court then went on to note that some conduct which would otherwise be extreme and outrageous might be privileged under the circumstances:
"The actor is never liable, for example, where he has done no more than to insist upon his legal rights in a permissible way, even though he is well aware that such insistence is certain to cause emotional distress. [Restatement Torts, 2d, § 46, comment g, p 76.]" [ Id., p 603.]
This Court has recognized the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress in noninsurance cases. See Dickerson v Nichols, 161 Mich. App. 103, 107-109; 409 N.W.2d 741 (1987); Margita v Diamond Mortgage Corp, 159 Mich. App. 181, 187-191; 406 N.W.2d 268 (1987); Rosenberg v Rosenberg Bros Special Account, 134 Mich. App. 342, 350-353; 351 N.W.2d 563 (1984); Ledsinger v Burmeister, 114 Mich. App. 12, 17-21; 318 N.W.2d 558 (1982).
The trial court in the present matter ruled that the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress does not exist for the creation of a negative relationship between a child and his other parent because it is a problem in almost every marital case and does not constitute conduct so outrageous that it cannot be tolerated in this civilized society. We disagree, and find the rationale in Raftery v Scott, 756 F.2d 335 (CA 4, 1985), to be persuasive.
Raftery involved a plaintiff's former wife's successful effort to destroy the relationship between her son and plaintiff, his father, and to prevent their reconciliation. Although plaintiff had visitation rights, as plaintiff does in the present case, the former wife persuaded the son not to see the plaintiff. Id., p 337. The Raftery court determined that the facts of the case independently supported a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress:
[I]t seems clear that, absent a bar for some reason, altogether independent of the alienation of affection contention, a cause of action should lie for psychological damage flowing from the enforced separation from the father, even, or, indeed, especially if the affection of the father had in no way abated, an entirely plausible possibility. [ Id., p 340.]
In response to the former wife's public policy argument that a child will suffer from psychological adversities if he is cast in the role of "a pawn in a battle inspired by greed for filthy lucre of one of the parents," the Raftery court held:
Sufficient proof must be adduced of intentional infliction and something much more than simply aggravation must be shown to make out a case of emotional distress. The implicit threat of an avalanche of cases, arising whenever one parent makes an uncomplimentary remark about the other, simply is not perceived by us as seriously undermining society or its laws. The harm of deliberate frustration of a close and affectionate relationship between parent and child, which the evidence permitted the jury to find in the instant case, were there no remedy available to a parent who as a result was psychologically damaged strikes us as more potentially a danger to society. [ Id.]
Similarly, in the present case, we are unpersuaded that the deliberate destruction of a parent-child relationship can never be recognized as outrageous conduct. As stated in Margita, supra, pp 189-190:
The extreme and outrageous character of the conduct may arise from the position of the actor or a relationship to the distressed party. Ledsinger, supra, p 19. For example, it may occur through an abuse of a relationship which puts the defendant in a position of actual or apparent authority over a plaintiff or gives a defendant power to affect a plaintiff's interest. Warren v June's Mobile Home Village Sales, Inc, 66 Mich. App. 386, 391; 239 N.W.2d 380 (1976). Whether a defendant's acts were sufficiently outrageous depends upon the context in which the defendant committed them. Rosenberg, supra, p 353.
Taking plaintiff's allegations as true, they are not so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify a right to recover, Hankins, supra.
Defendant also brought his motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(6). In Township Oil Co v State Bank of Fraser, 162 Mich. App. 737, 740-741; 413 N.W.2d 94 (1987), this Court stated:
Dismissal is proper when "[a]nother action has been initiated between the same parties involving the same claim." MCR 2.116(C)(6) [formerly GCR 1963, 116.1(4)].
"The court rule is a codification of the former plea of abatement by prior action. See Rene J DeLorme, Inc v Union Square Agency, Inc, 362 Mich. 192; 106 N.W.2d 754 (1961); Chapple v National Hardwood Co, 234 Mich. 296, 297; 207 N.W. 888 (1926). Abatement protects parties from the harassment of new suits filed by the same plaintiffs involving the same questions as those in pending litigation. Chapple, supra, p 298. [ Ross v Onyx Oil Gas Corp, 128 Mich. App. 660, 666; 341 N.W.2d 783 (1983).]"
In order for a pending action to abate a subsequent action, the two suits must be based on the same, or substantially the same, cause of action and request for relief. Id.
The trial court also stated on the record that plaintiff's action is barred by the doctrine of res judicata. The doctrine of res judicata is a manifestation of the recognition that endless litigation leads to vexation, confusion and chaos for the litigants as well as inefficient use of judicial resources. Rogers v Colonial Federal Savings Loan Ass'n of Grosse Pointe Woods, 405 Mich. 607, 615; 275 N.W.2d 499 (1979). For res judicata to bar plaintiff's action in the present case, (1) the former action must have been decided on the merits, (2) the same matter contested in the second action must have been decided in the first, and (3) the two actions must be between the same parties or privies. York v Wayne Co Sheriff, 157 Mich. App. 417, 422; 403 N.W.2d 152 (1987), lv den 428 Mich. 907 (1987). In Michigan, the broad application of res judicata prevails, that is, all claims that could have been raised in the first action are barred as well as those claims that were actually litigated. Gose v Monroe Auto Equipment Co, 409 Mich. 147; 294 N.W.2d 165 (1980).
In this case, only the nature of the contested matter is at issue.
"In the application of the doctrine of res judicata, if it is doubtful whether a second action is for the same cause of action as the first, the test generally applied is to consider the identity of facts essential to their maintenance, or whether the same evidence would sustain both. If the same facts or evidence would sustain both, the two actions are considered the same within the rule that the judgment in the former is a bar to the subsequent action. If, however, the two actions rest upon different states of facts, or if different proofs would be required to sustain the two actions, a judgment in one is no bar to the maintenance of the other." [ York, supra, p 423, quoting 30A Am Jur, Judgments, § 365, pp 407-408.]
In the present case, the two actions cannot be sustained by the same facts or proofs. The "former action" was the 1985 custody proceeding, in which defendant was ultimately awarded custody of both children. This action was litigated under the Child Custody Act, MCL 722.21 et seq.; MSA 25.312(1) et seq., and an eleven-factor test to be used in determining the best interests of the child. MCL 722.23; MSA 25.312(3). As part of the custody action, plaintiff did argue that defendant had "brainwashed" the children in order to purposely turn them against her. However, that argument was relevant to one of the eleven factors for determining the willingness and ability of each of the parents to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent. MCL 722.23(j); MSA 25.312(3)(j). The court in the custody proceeding had to assess that evidence as it relates to the best interests of the child, so proof of outrageousness, intent, causation and plaintiff's emotional distress would not have been required. See York, supra, p 423. Additionally, plaintiff is seeking monetary damages for an injury she is alleged to have incurred, whereas in the "former action," both parties sought custody of the minor children. Plaintiff's claims are not barred by the doctrine of res judicata, and the trial court erred by granting defendant's motion for summary disposition on this ground.
Because defendant has failed to file a cross-appeal, we do not address the issues he raises. See MCR 7.207; Michigan Ass'n of Administrative Law Judges v Michigan Personnel Director, 156 Mich. App. 388, 395; 402 N.W.2d 19 (1986).
Reversed and remanded for trial.