Opinion
Docket No. 67567.
Decided March 20, 1984. Leave to appeal applied for.
Robert F. Ponte, for plaintiff.
Lacey Jones (by Phillip G. Rosenberg), for defendant.
The defendants, Associated Spring Company and Travelers Insurance Company, appeal from a determination of the Workers' Compensation Appeal Board (WCAB) granting the plaintiff, Ruth Bentley, an open award of compensation benefits of $115 per week and necessary psychiatric care expenses. The WCAB reversed the decision of the hearing referee, who had denied benefits.
Bentley began working for Associated Spring Company on October 30, 1973, as a machine tester. Her job was to ensure that springs automatically fed into a machine did not clog or jam it. Around May 1, 1974, she was injured when her finger was caught in a machine. She was unable to work for a month, and Associated paid workers' compensation benefits for the injury. She then worked full workweeks on the night shift until being laid off in January, 1976. Bentley testified that she did not like working the night shift because she was frequently left working alone and she was frightened of being injured again and that no one would be around to help her.
When Bentley's finger was caught in the machine, she screamed for help. Co-workers could not hear her screams over the sound of the machines in the shop. She was assisted only after a co-worker looked at Bentley and saw the expression on her face.
While laid off, Bentley entered a hospital, suffering a nervous breakdown. She entered in February, 1976, and was released two weeks later after a final diagnosis of "involutional paranoid psychosis", a mental condition occurring during a change of life and characterized by a partial psychotic state. Bentley was called back to work in April, 1976, but quit in early August because, as she testified, "I felt my nerves were going bad all over again, and I felt that I should quit my job to keep — I couldn't keep stable anymore and I felt myself slipping back again." She informed her employer, however, that she was quitting for "personal reasons".
On March 24, 1977, Bentley petitioned for benefits for her psychiatric problems. The hearing referee denied benefits, and the WCAB reversed. Defendants filed a timely application for leave to appeal to the Court of Appeals. Leave was denied. They then filed an application for leave to appeal to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, remanded to the Court of Appeals for consideration as on leave granted. 414 Mich. 938 (1982). We reverse the WCAB decision.
I. TIMELY NOTICE
In allowing Bentley's claim, the WCAB determined that Associated had sufficient notice of Bentley's 1976 psychiatric problems from notice of her 1974 hand injury. MCL 418.381; MSA 17.237(381). We disagree.
The Supreme Court in Palchak v Murray Corp of America, 318 Mich. 482; 28 N.W.2d 295 (1947), allowed notice to "carry over" when an injury became more serious. Palchak involved an initial blow to the eye, with compensable injuries, which finally resulted in another compensable injury, the formation of cysts. It is in this manner that Palchak is distinguishable: had Bentley suffered additional damages to her finger (e.g., failure to properly heal), the Palchak holding would allow the initial notice in 1974 to cover her problems in 1976. But instead, Bentley suffered from separate injuries to different parts of the body. See Palchak, 318 Mich. 492-493. Notice of her finger injury was not sufficient to inform Associated of her psychiatric problems. Associated had no indication that a finger injury would develop into severe psychiatric problems nearly two years later.
The plaintiff argues an independent basis for notice, i.e., her absence while in the psychiatric hospital and a doctor's letter to the company saying she was fit to return to work. The WCAB did not consider this possibility, and we are not persuaded by it.
II. DEPOSITION TESTIMONY
The hearing referee excluded Bentley's medical witness's deposition because it was taken five days before the scheduled date of the hearing. The referee's procedural rules required at least three weeks between depositions and the hearing. This rule was based on Rule 10(c), which provides that "the trial completion time shall be at the discretion of the Hearing Referee". The defendants argue that this means a referee can set reasonable pretrial procedures. Alternatively, the defendants argue that they were denied due process, Const 1963, art 1, § 17, because they were unable to consult with their expert witness and depose him in response to plaintiff's expert's deposition as their expert was on vacation until the day before trial. There is merit in both arguments.
1979 AC, R 408.40c. A new rule, 10f(a), now expressly covers the specific problem in this case by designating time limits for taking depositions. 1979 AC, R 408.40f(a).
We must liberally construe administrative rules in light of their purpose. Turner v General Motors Corp, 70 Mich. App. 532, 543-544; 246 N.W.2d 631 (1976), aff'd 401 Mich. 419; 258 N.W.2d 414 (1977). The clear intent behind Rule 10(c) was to provide hearing referees with the necessary power to expeditiously conduct hearings. This necessarily includes the power to establish reasonable rules for pretrial preparation. If the referee were powerless to prescribe deposition time rules, parties would depose witnesses until soon before trial. Trial would have to be delayed because — as here — the opposing party would need time to prepare and respond. If trial proceeds without opportunity to prepare a defense to new deposition evidence, due process rights will certainly be violated. The referee's rule here was within the scope of his discretion under Rule 10(c) and quelled the plaintiff's attempt to gain an unfair advantage over defense efforts. The WCAB erred when it reversed the hearing referee's exercise of discretion.
III. THE "HONEST PERCEPTION" STANDARD
The defendants finally argue for a change in the "honest perception" standard of Deziel v Difco Laboratories, Inc (After Remand), 403 Mich. 1, 26; 268 N.W.2d 1 (1978). The defendants frankly recognize that this Court is powerless to overturn Deziel, but raise the issue to preserve it for further review. We join the defendants' criticism of that holding. The purely subjective standard unduly emphasizes the testimony of a lay person with an admitted psychiatric disorder over expert testimony about the actual cause of the disorder. As long as the claimant perceives that his disorder arises from his job, he is entitled to compensation. In view of the financial gain — sometimes very substantial — any person who files a claim based on a psychiatric disorder will have strong motives to lie about his perception. See Justice COLEMAN'S dissent in Deziel, supra, p 60. The question then becomes whether that perception is "honest". The defendants argue that, under this loose standard for recovery, Michigan employers are nearly becoming general health insurers for psychiatric disabilities. This is an alarming possibility.
The Legislature showed its displeasure with the Deziel opinion by amending the workers' compensation law to create a statutorily defined causation standard for mental disabilities. In part, the amendment states that "[m]ental disabilities shall be compensable when arising out of actual events of employment, not unfounded perceptions thereof". MCL 418.301(2), 418.401(c); MSA 17.237(301)(2), 17.237(401)(c). See Joseph, Causation in Workers' Compensation Mental Disability Cases; The Michigan Experience, 27 Wayne L Rev 1079, 1083 (1981). The amendment took effect on January 1, 1982 — and thus our case arises under the pre-amendment Deziel standard. In light of the Legislature's action and the criticism of Deziel, we suggest that the Supreme Court reconsider its position and judicially adopt the statutory standard for cases arising before the statutory amendment.
CONCLUSION
Because the plaintiff did not sufficiently notify Associated of her psychiatric injuries, she is barred from filing for workers' compensation benefits. Additionally, the WCAB erred when it overrode the hearing referee's time requirement for deposing medical experts, which was well within the rules established by the Bureau of Workers' Disability Compensation. The hearing referee's rule was a proper exercise of discretion and, consistent with the desire to expedite hearings, preserved the defendants' right to due process. The decision of the WCAB is therefore reversed and the hearing referee's decision denying benefits reinstated.