Summary
In Bennett v. Enstrom Helicopter Corp., 686 F.2d 406 (6th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1210, 103 S.Ct. 1202, 75 L.Ed.2d 444 (1983) and Hampshire v. Ford Motor Co., 155 Mich. App. 143, 399 N.W.2d 36 (1986) (both cited approvingly in Olmstead), a nonresident plaintiff brought a products liability action against a resident defendant in Michigan for an injury occurring outside of Michigan.
Summary of this case from Penwest Devt. Corp. Ltd. v. Dow Chem. Co.Opinion
No. 80-1814.
August 12, 1982.
John G. Konkel, Charfoos, Christensen, Gilbert, Archer, Adrienne Southgate, Detroit, Mich., for plaintiff-appellant.
Grant J. Gruel, Cholette, Perkins Buchanan, Edward Wells, Grand Rapids, Mich., for defendant-appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan.
ORDER
There is before us an appellant's motion for clarification of our opinion of June 3, 1982, an appellant's petition for rehearing with supporting documents, and an appellee's brief in opposition to the petition for rehearing. We have examined these materials and hereby grant Appellant Bennett's timely petition for rehearing. For the following reasons, upon reconsideration, 679 F.2d 630, we again affirm the district court's judgment for defendant-appellee Enstrom.
I.
Since this Court's original decision in this diversity case, the Supreme Court of Michigan has substantially changed the relevant law of that state by its decisions in Sexton v. Ryder Truck Rental, Inc. and Storie v. Southfield Leasing, Inc., 413 Mich. 406, 320 N.W.2d 843 (1982) (hereinafter, Sexton). The determinative issue in this case remains whether a Michigan court would apply Michigan substantive law, the lex fori, to Bennett's action. Bennett's petition for rehearing relies on Sexton in arguing that Michigan would now apply its own law. We reaffirm our earlier holding that Bennett's cause would be decided by a Michigan court according to New Zealand substantive law, the lex loci delicti, which would bar the action, and we note that this holding is not attacked in Bennett's petition for rehearing.
The effect of the Sexton decision on the disposition of this case is not easily summarized. Sexton produced two "majority" decisions, with one justice joining in two opinions. Justice Williams' opinion established two rules:
(1) "[W]here Michigan residents or corporations doing business in Michigan are involved in accidents in another state and appear as plaintiffs and defendants in Michigan courts, the courts will apply the lex fori, not the lex loci delicti . . ., without reference to any particular state policy." Sexton, 320 N.W.2d at 854, Williams, J. (Emphasis added).
(2) Michigan's owners' liability statutes, including the aircraft owner's statute, MCLA § 259.180a, will be given "uniform application to residents traveling outside of Michigan as well as [to] persons within our state." Id. at 856. The rationale for this rule is that these statutory causes of action are founded not on any conduct of the parties outside of Michigan "but on the relationship between Michigan owners and Michigan operators." Id. (Emphasis added).
Neither of these holdings avails the plaintiff, who is not a Michigan resident.
Justice Kavanagh's second "majority" opinion held that the place of the wrong is no longer a "fact controlling or even of great significance" to choice-of-law questions, since the state clearly has the "power" to regulate the extraterritorial consequences of the intrastate status of ownership. Although Justice Kavanagh's opinion could be read as requiring application of the Michigan owners' liability statutes to all Michigan vehicle and aircraft owners, the more natural and less radical reading of Justice Kavanagh's opinion is that given by Justice Levin, who concurred in Justice Kavanagh's opinion and wrote separately:
We assume for present purposes, without so finding, that the defendant, and not its New Zealand subsidiary or proto-subsidiary, was the legal owner of the helicopter involved in this case. See Part II, infra.
Justice Kavanagh's opinion would hold that in a tort action commenced in Michigan, the domestic law of this state shall govern absent a reason for applying the law of another state and that the place of the wrong is not a reason for not applying Michigan domestic law. 320 N.W.2d at 857, Levin, J.
We believe that a Michigan court would find the following reasons for applying the law of New Zealand to this case:
The plaintiff and her decedent were New Zealanders at the time of the alleged torts (D. Ct. mem. op. at 1);
The plaintiff has received compensation for her injury under the laws of New Zealand ( id. at 2);
The flight on which Mr. Bennett died began and ended in New Zealand ( id. at 4);
The fatal helicopter had been shipped to New Zealand for sale and use there ( id.);
There was no helicopter sale and no employment contract between Mr. Bennett and Enstrom of Michigan, although there may have been business contacts between them in Michigan ( id. at 5);
The fatal helicopter had been lent to Mr. Bennett for his own purposes on the day of his death ( id.).
Bennett had not challenged any of these findings of fact as clearly erroneous. Singly and together, these facts show that the State of Michigan has little interest in applying its own laws to this case.
In a footnote to his concurring opinion, Justice Levin described similar tests for determining the extraterritorial application of Michigan civil liability statutes:
I agree that the . . . statutes apply where the loss arises out of an accident involving a vehicle which had a situs in Michigan when permission to use the vehicle was granted in Michigan and the journey began in Michigan. Levin, J., at n. 1. (Emphasis added.)
We find no textual support for Bennett's statement that three of the Justices voting in Sexton would hold that the residence of the parties is not germane to the application of Michigan law. Justices Kavanagh, Fitzgerald and Levin would hold that the place of the wrong is of no significance, which is quite another thing. Their approach is not unlike that taken in our original decision of this case, in which we noted that the lex loci rule was not "reflexively" applied in Michigan.
II.
Bennett has also filed a motion for clarification of our opinion of June 3, 1982, in which we stated that "[t]he helicopter that Mr. Bennett went down in was exported by, but neither owned nor operated by, the defendant Michigan corporation." 679 F.2d at 632. We assume for purposes of this rehearing the state of affairs most favorable to Bennett, namely that Enstrom of Michigan, and not Enstrom of New Zealand, owned and operated the aircraft at the time of the accident. Accordingly, the motion for clarification is moot and therefore denied.
Michigan law defines operation of an aircraft to include authorizing its use. See M.C.L.A. § 259.22. The operator of the craft in the everyday sense of the word (the sense used in the Sexton opinions) was, of course, its pilot, Mr. Bennett.