Opinion
Docket No. 136783.
Submitted April 13, 1993, at Detroit.
Decided March 21, 1994, at 9:05 A.M.
E.J. McCormick, Jr., for Kenneth Beason.
Ready, Sullivan Ready (by Michael L. Heller), for Mary Beason.
Before: WAHLS, P.J., and MacKENZIE and TAYLOR, JJ.
AFTER REMAND
Defendant appeals as of right from an order terminating plaintiff's obligation to pay alimony. We reverse.
The parties were divorced in 1985. The divorce judgment provided that plaintiff's obligation to pay defendant $320 a month in alimony would terminate "when [defendant] should reside with an unrelated adult male person." One year later, plaintiff filed a motion for the termination of alimony, alleging that defendant was residing with an unrelated male, John Robinson. The trial court granted the motion following an evidentiary hearing. This Court reversed, concluding that the evidence was insufficient to show that defendant resided with Robinson. Beason v Beason, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, decided March 29, 1988 (Docket No. 98716).
The Supreme Court subsequently reversed this Court's decision because it was based on an incorrect standard of appellate review. Beason v Beason, 435 Mich. 791, 805; 460 N.W.2d 207 (1990). The Court further noted that "it appears the trial court's findings of fact may have been based on an erroneous view of the law," id., and remanded the case to the trial court "for consideration of the meaning of the term `reside' in the parties' divorce judgment." Id. at 806.
On remand, the trial court concluded that "reside" was an ambiguous term undefined by Michigan law, and resorted to a benefit test and the definition set forth in Black's Law Dictionary (5th ed). Applying essentially undisputed facts, the court again concluded that defendant was residing with Robinson, and therefore again ruled that plaintiff was no longer obligated to pay alimony. It is this determination that defendant now appeals.
Unlike the trial court, we do not believe that the term "reside" is ambiguous. On the contrary, the definition of "residence" is well settled in this state. In Wright v Genesee Circuit Judge, 117 Mich. 244, 245; 75 N.W. 465 (1898), our Supreme Court defined the ordinary meaning of "residence" as follows:
Residence means the place where one resides; an abode; a dwelling or habitation; especially, a settled or permanent home or domicile. Residence is made up of fact and intention. There must be the fact of abode, and the intention of remaining.
See also Banfield v Banfield, 318 Mich. 38, 43; 27 N.W.2d 336 (1947); Leader v Leader, 73 Mich. App. 276, 280-281; 251 N.W.2d 288 (1977); Bingham v American Screw Products Co, 398 Mich. 546, 564; 248 N.W.2d 537 (1976); In re Scheyer's Estate, 336 Mich. 645; 59 N.W.2d 33 (1953); Reaume Silloway, Inc v Tetzlaff, 315 Mich. 95, 99; 23 N.W.2d 219 (1946); Hartzler v Radeka, 265 Mich. 451; 251 N.W. 554 (1933).
Applying this definition to the undisputed facts, it is apparent that the trial court erred in concluding that John Robinson resided with defendant. There was no evidence that either defendant or Robinson considered defendant's home to be Robinson's settled or permanent home. Rather, the evidence established a transient relationship in which Robinson was at most a frequent guest at defendant's home. Further, there was no evidence that Robinson intended to become a permanent occupant of defendant's household. Absent such an intent, Robinson falls outside the definition of "resident" consistently adopted by this Court and our Supreme Court.
Where a trial court's finding is derived from an erroneous application of law to facts, the appellate court is not limited to review for clear error. Beason, supra, 435 Mich. 804-805. Nor is an appellate court so limited where the trial court's factual findings may have been influenced by an incorrect view of the law. Id. at 805. Because the trial court failed to apply the facts of this case to the well-settled definition of the term "reside," we reverse the order terminating plaintiff's alimony obligation.
Reversed.
WAHLS, P.J., concurred.
I respectfully dissent from the opinion of the majority in this matter.
It is important to recall that in this case the divorce judgment provided that plaintiff's obligation to pay defendant $320 a month in alimony would terminate "when [defendant] should reside with an unrelated adult male person." Plaintiff contended that the evidence showed that his ex-wife was residing with an unrelated adult male; defendant argued that the evidence did not show that she resided with her male companion.
The trial court initially terminated the plaintiff's alimony obligation in April 1986. This Court reversed, but our Supreme Court reversed the decision of this Court and remanded the case to the trial court for clarification, stating:
Beason v Beason, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, decided March 29, 1988 (Docket No. 98716).
The meaning of the term "reside" in the divorce judgment may be a factual or legal question. However, the record before us does not reveal how the trial court arrived at its definition of the term. The trial court resorted to several extrinsic sources to define "reside" without first determining that the term was ambiguous. Until the trial court has been afforded an opportunity to clarify the basis of its earlier findings regarding the meaning of the term "reside," we cannot ascertain whether the proper legal rule has been misapplied in arriving at the findings of fact made below.
Thus, we remand this case to the trial court for consideration of the meaning of the term "reside" in the parties' divorce judgment, and direct the trial court to state the legal and factual basis for its definition of the term, specifying which findings are of fact and which of law. Beason v Beason, 435 Mich. 791, 806; 460 N.W.2d 207 (1990).
As I understand this order of the Supreme Court, it must be read to indicate that the Supreme Court did not think the meaning of the term "reside" was clear on its face. In fact, had the Court thought so, undoubtedly, even as the majority has done here, the Court would have said so. Anything less would be an invitation to inefficient use of judicial resources, which our Supreme Court, aware of the burdens under which our trial courts labor, would not have done. When the Court instructed the trial court to consider "the meaning of the term `reside' in the parties' divorce judgment," must this not have meant that its meaning in the judgment could be different than its meaning in other judgments? In short, isn't the Court saying that it's not a legal term of art such as "domicile," "cohabitation," or, indeed, "residence"? I believe that to not conclude that this is what the Court was doing is to give a skewed reading to its instruction.
In any event, the trial court clarified its earlier findings by stating that it found "as a matter of law that the term `residence' as used in this judgment of divorce and as we deal with it in this file, is an ambiguous term." The trial court went on to say that because "reside" was an ambiguous term and had not been defined by Michigan law, it would take a definition from "a number of sources" including the judgment, a "benefit test (economic assistance)," Black's Law Dictionary, and federal case law.
Notable is the trial court's express decision not to reopen proofs. Having culled a "legal" definition of the word "reside" from the various sources, the trial court applied this definition to the behavior of the two people in question, found as fact that an unrelated male had "resided with" defendant, and ruled that plaintiff was no longer obligated to pay defendant alimony. I believe the trial court was almost correct in its approach to the remand (closer by far than the majority here) but misapprehended that the Supreme Court was telegraphing by its order that what was being dealt with here was, in essence, a contract between the parties. Accordingly, contract analysis was appropriate.
The alimony provision in dispute was part of a consent decree. The parties negotiated and agreed upon its terms, including the alimony provision; thus the decree should have been treated like a contract for interpretive purposes. Accordingly, the rules pertaining to the consideration of contracts apply. Beason, supra, 435 Mich. 798-799, n 3, and cases cited therein.
With regard to the threshold question whether the word "reside" as used in the judgment is ambiguous, I believe the trial court was correct in finding that it was. The majority, of course, feels that the trial court was wrong. The problem with the majority's position is that in deciding that the word "reside" is unambiguous, they have relied upon the definition of an altogether different word, "resident," in reaching that conclusion. To my mind, the error they make is analogous to saying the phrase "live with" is synonymous with the term "domicile." They are not. "Domicile," even as "resident," is a term of art with a well-developed legal meaning. "Live with" and "reside" do not have such a legal history.
Because "resident" is a legal term of art, it is not surprising that the majority was able to find many cases giving definitions of it. The same would have been true had they tried to find the definition of the word "domicile" or "cohabitation," for example. Such ease of definition isn't the case with lay words, however, of which "reside" is clearly one. There is only one court of which I am aware where this language has been construed in a postdivorce situation. Mulhern v Mulhern, 446 So.2d 1124, 1127 (Fla App, 1984). What this all means is that there is no settled construction to be engrafted onto this consent decree. That being the case, the term employed in this context would not be held to have the rebuttable legal meaning the case law gives it. Nationwide Mutual Fire Ins Co v Detroit Edison Co, 95 Mich. App. 62; 289 N.W.2d 879 (1980).
Having properly determined that "reside" as used in the judgment was ambiguous, the trial court's next effort should have been to determine what the parties intended "reside" to mean when they entered into the agreement. Fundamentally, the trial court's task is not to remake the parties' agreement or to find a meaning not intended, but to determine, if possible, the true intent of the parties. Klever v Klever, 333 Mich. 179; 52 N.W.2d 653 (1952). The testimony of the parties and perhaps of others involved in the negotiations, such as their attorneys, could contribute to this fact finding. 3 Corbin, Contracts, § 538.
Similarly, reference to extrinsic sources such as Black's Law Dictionary, case law, or principles of contract construction could be made as long as those sources had been utilized by the parties themselves in formulating the phraseology of the consent decree. Or, to the degree that local usages in the bar of the term "reside" give the term a fixed meaning in the community, which was conveyed to the negotiating parties, that information could be helpful to the court and might be dispositive. It would be well to recall the abjuration of Professor Corbin in his treatise:
Ordinary English words can be deprived of their ordinary meanings and supplied with others — even with meanings that are the exact opposite of their ordinary ones. White can be made to mean black, five can be made to mean ten, 500 feet can be made to mean 100 inches, and Bunker Hill Monument can be made to signify Old South Church. [3 Corbin, Contracts, § 544, p 155.]
If the evidence adduced caused the trial court to conclude that the parties agreed with regard to the meaning of the word "reside," then that is the meaning that should have been applied to the already existing record concerning the conduct of defendant and Mr. Robinson. Bonfiglio v Pring, 202 Mich. App. 61; 507 N.W.2d 759 (1993). On the other hand, if the trial court concluded that the parties had no meeting of the minds regarding the meaning of the term "reside," the court should then have resorted to the other general principles that govern judicial interpretation and enforcement of contracts.
For example, if this provision was worded and inserted by or at the behest of one party only, then any ambiguity is construed against the party who drafted this clause. Petovello v Murray, 139 Mich. App. 639; 362 N.W.2d 857 (1984); Higbie v Chase, 306 Mich. 577; 11 N.W.2d 248 (1943). Also to be taken into account is the subject matter, the object, and the purpose of the questioned terminology. John Deere Co v Wonderland Realty Corp, 38 Mich. App. 88; 195 N.W.2d 871 (1972).
Finally, because the document was drawn in English, the court could resort to standard dictionaries to determine the meaning of the word or words at issue. This would then be the meaning intended by the parties because, having no unique definition of the term, the common meaning to an English speaker in our country would be understood by default, always bearing the context in mind. Staebler-Kempf Oil Co v Mac's Auto Mart, Inc, 329 Mich. 351; 45 N.W.2d 316 (1951).
Taking any other approach to determine what this language means snatches from the parties their freedom to reach binding agreements and, ultimately, takes away the certainty that agreements cannot be altered unilaterally. Bers v Bers, 161 Mich. App. 457, 464-465; 411 N.W.2d 732 (1987). Therefore, I would remand this matter for the trial court to determine what the parties agreed, and then to resolve the question concerning the alimony clause as directed by the Supreme Court.