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Bartlett v. Heibl

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
Oct 8, 1997
128 F.3d 497 (7th Cir. 1997)

Summary

holding that a plaintiff who was "not seeking actual damages" could still receive "statutory damages" under the FDCPA

Summary of this case from Willis v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs.

Opinion

No. 97-1946

ARGUED SEPTEMBER 10, 1997

DECIDED OCTOBER 8, 1997 Rehearing and Suggestion for Rehearing En Banc Denied December 1, 1997.

O. Randolph Bragg (argued), Horwitz, Horwitz Associates, Chicago, IL, Antonio R. Fuller, Janesville, WI, for Plaintiff-Appellant.

Frank Crisafi, John A. Heibl (argued), Madison, WI, for Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin.

No. 96 C 826-S.

John C. Shabaz, Chief Judge.

Before POSNER, Chief Judge, and MANION and EVANS, Circuit Judges.


The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1692-1692o, provides that within five days after a debt collector first duns a consumer debtor, the collector must send the debtor a written notice containing specified information. The required information includes the amount of the debt, the name of the creditor, and, of particular relevance here, a statement that unless the debtor "disputes the validity of the debt" within thirty days the debt collector will assume that the debt is valid but that if the debtor notifies the collector in writing within thirty days that he is disputing the debt, "the debt collector will obtain verification of the debt [from the creditor] . . . and a copy of [the] verification . . . will be mailed to the consumer." §§ 1692g(a)(1)-(4). A similar provision requires that the debtor be informed that upon his request the debt collector will give him the name and address of his original creditor, if the original creditor is different from the current one. sec. 1692g(a)(5). If the debtor accepts the invitation tendered in the required notice, and requests from the debt collector either verification of the debt or the name and address of the original debtor, the debt collector must "cease collection of the debt . . . until the [requested information] is mailed to the consumer." sec. 1692g(b). These provisions are intended for the case in which the debt collector, being a hireling of the creditor rather than the creditor itself, may lack first-hand knowledge of the debt.

If the statute is violated, the debtor is entitled to obtain from the debt collector, in addition to any actual damages that the debtor can prove, statutory damages not to exceed $1,000 per violation, plus a reasonable attorney's fee. sec. 1692k(a).

A credit-card company hired lawyer John Heibl, the defendant in this case, to collect a consumer credit-card debt of some $1,700 from Curtis Bartlett, the plaintiff. Heibl sent Bartlett a letter, which Bartlett received but did not read, in which Heibl told him that "if you wish to resolve this matter before legal action is commenced, you must do one of two things within one week of the date of this letter": pay $316 toward the satisfaction of the debt, or get in touch with Micard (the creditor) "and make suitable arrangements for payment. If you do neither, it will be assumed that legal action will be necessary." Under Heibl's signature appears an accurate, virtually a literal, paraphrase of section 1692g(a), advising Bartlett that he has thirty days within which to dispute the debt, in which event Heibl will mail him a verification of it. At the end of the paraphrase Heibl adds: "suit may be commenced at any time before the expiration of this thirty (30) days." A copy of Heibl's letter is appended to this opinion.

The letter is said to violate the statute by stating the required information about the debtor's rights in a confusing fashion. Finding nothing confusing about the letter, the district court rendered judgment for the defendant after a bench trial. The plaintiff contends that this finding is clearly erroneous. The defendant disagrees, of course, but also contends that even if the letter is confusing this is of no moment because Bartlett didn't read it. That would be a telling point if Bartlett were seeking actual damages, for example as a consequence of being misled by the letter into surrendering a legal defense against the credit-card company. He can't have suffered such damages as a result of the statutory violation, because he didn't read the letter. But he is not seeking actual damages. He is seeking only statutory damages, a penalty that does not depend on proof that the recipient of the letter was misled. E.g., Tolentino v. Friedman, 46 F.3d 645, 651 (7th Cir. 1995); Harper v. Better Business Services, Inc., 961 F.2d 1561, 1563 (11th Cir. 1992); Clomon v. Jackson, 988 F.2d 1314, 1322 (2d Cir. 1993); Baker v. G.C. Services Corp., 677 F.2d 775, 780-81 (9th Cir. 1982). All that is required is proof that the statute was violated, although even then it is within the district court's discretion to decide whether and if so how much to award, up to the $1,000 ceiling. E.g., Tolentino v. Friedman, supra, 46 F.3d at 651; Clomon v. Jackson, supra, 988 F.2d at 1322.

If reading were an element of the violation, then Bartlett would have to prove that he read the letter. But it is not. The statute, so far as material to this case, requires only that the debt collector "send the consumer a written notice containing" the required information. sec. 1692g(a). It is unsettled whether "send" implies receipt or just mailing. Compare, e.g., Bates v. CS Adjusters, Inc., 980 F.2d 865, 868 (2d Cir. 1992) (receipt), with, e.g., Maloy v. Phillips, 64 F.3d 607, 608 (11th Cir. 1995) (mailing). No matter; Bartlett did receive the letter. Sending a letter doesn't imply that the letter is read; there is no contradiction in saying, "I received your letter but I never read it."

Before coming to the central issue, concerning the likelihood of confusion, we must remark the fatuity of Bartlett's naming "John A. Heibl" and "John A. Heibl, Attorney at Law," as separate defendants. If Heibl were being sued for conduct within the scope of his agency or employment as a partner or an associate of a law firm, the firm could be named along with him as a defendant, because it would be liable jointly with him for that conduct. E.g., Old Republic Ins. Co. v. Chuhak Tecson, P.C., 84 F.3d 998, 1002 (7th Cir. 1996); Dinco v. Dylex Ltd., 111 F.3d 964, 969 (1st Cir. 1997); Entente Mineral Co. v. Parker, 956 F.2d 524 (5th Cir. 1992); Grotelueschen v. American Family Mutual Ins. Co., 492 N.W.2d 131, 136-37 (Wis. 1992). Apparently he is not being sued in such a capacity; in any event "John A. Heibl, Attorney at Law" is not the name of a firm but merely the name of an individual and the identification of his profession. For the plaintiff to try to split Heibl into an individual and a lawyer and sue both is the equivalent of, in a medical malpractice suit, suing "John Smith" and "Dr. John Smith," or of suing a sole proprietor in both his personal and his business capacity. A sole proprietorship ("John A. Heibl, Attorney at Law") is not a suable entity separate from the sole proprietor. Patterson v. VM Auto Body, 589 N.E.2d 1306, 1308 (Ohio 1992).

The main issue presented by the appeal is whether the district judge committed a clear error in finding that the letter was not confusing. The statute does not say in so many words that the disclosures required by it must be made in a nonconfusing manner. But the courts, our own included, have held, plausibly enough, that it is implicit that the debt collector may not defeat the statute's purpose by making the required disclosures in a form or within a context in which they are unlikely to be understood by the unsophisticated debtors who are the particular objects of the statute's solicitude. E.g., Avila v. Rubin, 84 F.3d 222, 226 (7th Cir. 1996); Terran v. Kaplan, 109 F.3d 1428, 1431-34 (9th Cir. 1997); Russell v. Equifax A.R.S., 74 F.3d 30, 34-35 (2d Cir. 1996); Graziano v. Harrison, 950 F.2d 107, 111 (3d Cir. 1991); Miller v. Payco-General American Credits, Inc., 943 F.2d 482, 484 (4th Cir. 1991).

Most of the cases put it this way: the implied duty to avoid confusing the unsophisticated consumer can be violated by contradicting or "overshadowing" the required notice. E.g., Chauncey v. JDR Recovery Corp., 118 F.3d 516, 518 (7th Cir. 1997); United States v. National Financial Services, Inc., 98 F.3d 131, 139 (4th Cir. 1996); Russell v. Equifax A.R.S., supra, 74 F.3d at 34; Graziano v. Harrison, supra, 950 F.2d at 111. This sounds like two separate tests, one for a statement that is logically inconsistent with the required notice and the other for a statement that while it doesn't actually contradict the required notice obscures it, in much the same way that static or cross-talk can make a telephone communication hard to understand even though the message is not being contradicted in any way. The required notice might be "overshadowed" just because it was in smaller or fainter print than the demand for payment. United States v. National Financial Services, Inc., supra, 98 F.3d at 139.

As with many legal formulas that get repeated from case to case without an effort at elaboration, "contradicting or overshadowing" is rather unilluminating — even, though we hesitate to use the word in this context, confusing. The cases that find the statute violated generally involve neither logical inconsistencies (that is, denials of the consumer rights that the dunning letter is required to disclose) nor the kind of literal "overshadowing" involved in a fine-print, or faint-print, or confusing-typeface case. In the typical case, the letter both demands payment within thirty days and explains the consumer's right to demand verification within thirty days. These rights are not inconsistent, but by failing to explain how they fit together the letter confuses. E.g., id.; Chauncey v. JDR Recovery Corp., supra, 118 F.3d at 518-19; Avila v. Rubin, supra, 84 F.3d at 226; Russell v. Equifax A.R.S., supra, 74 F.3d at 35; Miller v. Payco-General American Credits, Inc., supra, 943 F.2d at 484; Swanson v. Southern Oregon Credit Service, Inc., 869 F.2d 1222, 1225-26 (9th Cir. 1989) (per curiam).

It would be better if the courts just said that the unsophisticated consumer is to be protected against confusion, whatever form it takes. A contradiction is just one means of inducing confusion; "overshadowing" is just another; and the most common is a third, the failure to explain an apparent though not actual contradiction — as in this case, which is indistinguishable from our recent Chauncey decision, as well as from most of the other cases we have cited. On the one hand, Heibl's letter tells the debtor that if he doesn't pay within a week he's going to be sued. On the other hand, it tells him that he can contest the debt within thirty days. This leaves up in the air what happens if he is sued on the eighth day, say, and disputes the debt on the tenth day. He might well wonder what good it would do him to dispute the debt if he can't stave off a lawsuit. The net effect of the juxtaposition of the one-week and thirty-day crucial periods is to turn the required disclosure into legal gibberish. That's as bad as an outright contradiction.

Although the question whether a dunning letter violates the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act does not require evidence that the recipient was confused — or even, as we noted earlier, whether he read the letter — the issue of confusion is for the district judge to decide, subject to light review for "clear error." The cases, however, leave no room to doubt that the letter to Bartlett was confusing; nor as an original matter could we doubt that it was confusing — we found it so, and do not like to think of ourselves as your average unsophisticated consumer. So the judgment must be reversed. But we should not stop here. Judges too often tell defendants what the defendants cannot do without indicating what they can do, thus engendering legal uncertainty that foments further litigation. The plaintiff's lawyer takes the extreme, indeed the absurd, position — one that he acknowledged to us at argument, with a certain lawyerly relish, creates an anomaly in the statutory design — that the debt collector cannot in any way, shape, or form allude to his right to bring a lawsuit within thirty days. That enforced silence would be fine if the statute forbade suing so soon. But it does not. The debt collector is perfectly free to sue within thirty days; he just must cease his efforts at collection during the interval between being asked for verification of the debt and mailing the verification to the debtor. 15 U.S.C. § 1692g(b). In effect the plaintiff is arguing that if the debt collector wants to sue within the first thirty days he must do so without advance warning. How this compelled surprise could be thought either required by the statute, however imaginatively elaborated with the aid of the concept of "overshadowing," or helpful to the statute's intended beneficiaries, eludes us.

The plaintiff's argument is in one sense overimaginative, and in another unimaginative — unimaginative in failing to see that it is possible to devise a form of words that will inform the debtor of the risk of his being sued without detracting from the statement of his statutory rights. We here set forth a redaction of Heibl's letter that complies with the statute without forcing the debt collector to conceal his intention of exploiting his right to resort to legal action before the thirty days are up. We are not rewriting the statute; that is not our business. Jang v. A.M. Miller Associates, No. 96-3173, 1997 WL 526201, at *4 (7th Cir. Aug. 27, 1997). We are simply trying to provide some guidance to how to comply with it. We commend this redaction as a safe harbor for debt collectors who want to avoid liability for the kind of suit that Bartlett has brought and now won. The qualification "for the kind of suit that Bartlett has brought and now won" is important. We are not certifying our letter as proof against challenges based on other provisions of the statute; those provisions are not before us. With that caveat, here is our letter:

Dear Mr. Bartlett:

I have been retained by Micard Services to collect from you the entire balance, which as of September 25, 1995, was $1,656.90, that you owe Micard Services on your MasterCard Account No. 5414701617068749.

If you want to resolve this matter without a lawsuit, you must, within one week of the date of this letter, either pay Micard $316 against the balance that you owe (unless you've paid it since your last statement) or call Micard at 1-800-221-5920 ext. 6130 and work out arrangements for payment with it. If you do neither of these things, I will be entitled to file a lawsuit against you, for the collection of this debt, when the week is over.

Federal law gives you thirty days after you receive this letter to dispute the validity of the debt or any part of it. If you don't dispute it within that period, I'll assume that it's valid. If you do dispute it — by notifying me in writing to that effect — I will, as required by the law, obtain and mail to you proof of the debt. And if, within the same period, you request in writing the name and address of your original creditor, if the original creditor is different from the current creditor (Micard Services), I will furnish you with that information too.

The law does not require me to wait until the end of the thirty-day period before suing you to collect this debt. If, however, you request proof of the debt or the name and address of the original creditor within the thirty-day period that begins with your receipt of this letter, the law requires me to suspend my efforts (through litigation or otherwise) to collect the debt until I mail the requested information to you.

Sincerely,

John A. Heibl

We cannot require debt collectors to use "our" form. But of course if they depart from it, they do so at their risk. Debt collectors who want to avoid suits by disgruntled debtors standing on their statutory rights would be well advised to stick close to the form that we have drafted. It will be a safe haven for them, at least in the Seventh Circuit.

The judgment is reversed and the case is remanded with instructions to enter judgment for the plaintiff and compute the statutory damages, costs, and attorneys' fees to which he is entitled.

Reversed and Remanded.

Appendix: Heibl's Letter to Bartlett


Summaries of

Bartlett v. Heibl

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit
Oct 8, 1997
128 F.3d 497 (7th Cir. 1997)

holding that a plaintiff who was "not seeking actual damages" could still receive "statutory damages" under the FDCPA

Summary of this case from Willis v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs.

holding that, where the collection letter supplemented the required statutory disclosure with the claim that the debtor's failure to contact the debt collector within one week would result in legal action being commenced, the recipient would be confused as to how long he or she had to contest the debt's validity, and hence that § 1692g had been violated by the addition

Summary of this case from Greco v. Trauner, Cohen Thomas, L.L.P.

holding that a letter with the thirty-day validation notice and a threat that the debtor would be sued if debt was not paid within one week without an explanation of this apparent contradiction violates § 1692g

Summary of this case from Olson v. Risk Management Alternatives, Inc.

holding that a letter with the thirty-day validation notice and a threat that the debtor would be sued if debt was not paid within one week without an explanation of this apparent contradiction violates § 1692g

Summary of this case from Hennings v. Alltran Fin., LP

holding a dunning letter that threatened suit within one week, but also disclosed the debtor's right to contest the debt within thirty days, was confusing without explanation, and therefore in violation of the FDCPA

Summary of this case from Dunn v. Derrick E. McGavic, P.C.

holding that extrinsic evidence a recipient was confused by collection letter is not required

Summary of this case from KORT v. DIVERSIFIED COLLECTION SERVICES, INC.

holding that debt collection letter violated the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act ("FDCPA") because it did not explain apparent contradiction between one statement addressing debtor's rights and another addressing debtor's obligation to pay

Summary of this case from Greisz v. Household Bank (Illinois)

finding that clause requiring payment of debt within one week stripped the validation notice of all meaning

Summary of this case from Johnson v. Revenue Management Corp.

finding that the debt collector's letter "leaves up in the air what happens if [the debtor] is sued on the eighth day, say, and disputes that debt on the tenth day. He might well wonder what good it would do him to dispute the debt if he can't stave off a lawsuit."

Summary of this case from Young v. G.L.A. Collection Co.

finding that language instructing the consumer to pay the debt or contact the creditor within one week to avoid legal action rendered the 30-day validation notice appearing at the end of the letter nothing more than "legal gibberish"

Summary of this case from Shimek v. Weissman, Nowack, Curry Wilco, P.C.

concluding that a plaintiff need not have read the letter to recover statutory damages

Summary of this case from Matmanivong v. Nat'l Creditors Connection, Inc.

concluding that a letter's threat to sue if debtor failed to pay within a week overshadowed debtors right to notice that he had 30 days to contest debt, reasoning that the debtor "might well wonder what good it would do him to dispute the debt if he can't stave off a law suit."

Summary of this case from Glen v. Law Office of W.C. French

reversing judgment for defendant where "we [the court] found [defendant's letter confusing], and do not like to think of ourselves as your average unsophisticated consumer"

Summary of this case from Mendez v. M.R.S. Associates

reversing judgment for defendant and remanding for judgment for plaintiff where letter provided that if consumer fails to pay within one week he would he sued but also gave consumer thirty days to dispute the debt; court stated "we found it [confusing], and do not think of ourselves as the average unsophisticated consumer"

Summary of this case from WHITTEN v. ARS National Services, Inc.

rejecting as confusing a letter that contained notice of the thirty-day validation period, but also demanded that the debtor pay $316 toward his debt or call the creditor within a week to avoid legal action

Summary of this case from Zemeckis v. Global Credit & Collection Corp.

rejecting as confusing a letter that contained notice of the thirty-day validation period, but also demanded that the debtor pay $316 toward his debt or call the creditor within a week to avoid legal action

Summary of this case from Zemeckis v. Global Credit & Collection Corp.

providing "safe harbor" language for debt collectors including providing the account balance as of a certain date

Summary of this case from Dotson v. Nationwide Credit, Inc.

explaining that the failure to clarify an apparent contradictionis just as bad as an outright contradiction

Summary of this case from Pollard v. Law Office of Mandy L. Spaulding

offering a model letter as guidance for complying with Section 1692g

Summary of this case from Zemeckis v. Global Credit & Collection Corp.

offering a model letter as guidance for complying with Section 1692g

Summary of this case from Zemeckis v. Global Credit & Collection Corp.

In Bartlett we explained that the inclusion of a confusing statement in a dunning letter can violate the Act by distracting the reader from the notice of his statutory rights, and that this is something that a judge in a particular case may be able to determine without evidence.

Summary of this case from Muha v. Encore Receivable Management, Inc.

In Bartlett, the plaintiff's claim was that the dunning letter contradicted his rights under the FDCPA because it told the debtor that if he did not pay within one week he would be sued, which is a direct contradiction of the validation notice that gives the debtor 30 days to dispute the debt.

Summary of this case from Sims v. GC Services L.P.

explaining how a required notice can be obscured or overshadowed similar to static or cross-talk on a telephone conversation

Summary of this case from Sims v. GC Services L.P.

noting that a debt collector simply must "cease his efforts at collection during the interval between being asked for verification of the debt and mailing the verification to the debtor"

Summary of this case from Thomas v. Law Firm of Simpson Cybak

noting that the debt collector is free to file a lawsuit prior to the consumer's request for verification of the debt

Summary of this case from Shimek v. Weissman, Nowack, Curry Wilco
Case details for

Bartlett v. Heibl

Case Details

Full title:CURTIS BARTLETT, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. JOHN A. HEIBL and John A. Heibl…

Court:United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit

Date published: Oct 8, 1997

Citations

128 F.3d 497 (7th Cir. 1997)

Citing Cases

Walker v. National Recovery, Inc.

The FDCPA has been interpreted to not only require the above described notification, but the validation…

Pollard v. Law Office of Mandy L. Spaulding

Typically, however, overshadowing is based upon the visual characteristics of a collection letter, such as…