Summary
In Barrett v. Brooklyn Heights Railroad Co. (188 App. Div. 109) the recovery was based on an act of affirmative negligence.
Summary of this case from Carbone v. Mackchil Realty CorporationOpinion
May 23, 1919.
Trabue Carswell [ George D. Yeomans with him on the brief], for the appellant.
William V. Burke, for the respondent.
Present — JENKS, P.J., RICH, PUTNAM, BLACKMAR and KELLY, JJ.
This appeal raises the question of the duty that the defendant owed to the plaintiff, who was not a passenger on the car. We think that the plaintiff was a licensee and not a trespasser. He entered to pay the fare of the three ladies. Having done so, he requested the conductor to stop at the next street crossing. The conductor, learning then for the first time that he was not a passenger, consented and signaled the motorman to stop. In so doing he recognized that plaintiff was not wrongfully on the car and permitted his presence. ( Grimshaw v. Lake Shore M.S.R. Co., 205 N.Y. 371.) As it is sometimes proper to permit persons who are not passengers to enter public conveyances, the authority to determine when that may be done is impliedly conferred upon the agent in charge. The rule is different in cases of private premises and private vehicles, such as Goldberg v. Borden's Condensed Milk Co. ( 185 App. Div. 222); McDonough v. Pelham Hod Elevating Co. (111 id. 585), and Morris v. Brown ( 111 N.Y. 318). The case of Eaton v. Delaware, L. W.R.R. Co. ( 57 N.Y. 382) is limited by the Grimshaw Case ( supra). The law seems to be that when employees of a conveyance operated by common carriers permit the presence on the conveyance of persons who have not paid their fares as passengers such permission relieves such persons from the imputation of being wrongful intruders or trespassers. ( Grimshaw v. Lake Shore M.S.R. Co., supra.)
Notwithstanding the expressions found in some authorities, in which a licensee is placed in the same category as a trespasser with reference to the duty that the owner of the premises owes, we think there is a distinction. The owner of the premises owes to a trespasser no duty except to refrain from intentionally or wantonly injuring him. ( Rounds v. D., L. W.R.R. Co., 64 N.Y. 129; Birch v. City of New York, 190 id. 397; Blackmore v. Toronto Street Railway Co., 38 U.C.Q.B. 172; Magar v. Hammond, 183 N.Y. 387.) To a licensee the owner of the premises owes no duty to exercise care that the premises are safe, for the licensee, in entering by permission, takes the risk of their condition. ( Larmore v. Crown Point Iron Co., 101 N.Y. 391; Heskell v. Auburn L., H. P. Co., 209 id. 86; Vaughan v. Transit Development Co., 222 id. 79; Pollock Torts [10th Eng. ed.], p. 544 et seq.; Dixon v. Swift, 98 Maine, 207, 209; Cusick v. Adams, 115 N.Y. 55; Beck v. Carter, 68 id. 283.)
But while the owner of premises does not owe to a licensee the duty of using ordinary care that the premises shall be in a safe condition, he does owe the duty of refraining from any affirmative act of negligence that may injure the licensee. In Barry v. N.Y.C. H.R.R.R. Co. ( 92 N.Y. 289) it was held that the defendant railroad company was liable for the negligent movement of trains over a passageway that the plaintiff's intestate was using as a licensee. To the same effect is Byrne v. N.Y.C. H.R.R.R. Co. ( 104 N.Y. 362). The same principle was applied in Pomponio v. N.Y., N.H. H.R.R. Co. ( 66 Conn. 528), the court saying: "It is also true that the landowner must not himself, by what has been called `his own active negligence,' injure either the licensee or the party invited, while they are upon his land." This principle was recognized in Larmore v. Crown Point Iron Co. ( supra) and Vaughan v. Transit Development Co. ( supra). In Pollock on Torts (10th Eng. ed. p. 548) it is written: "It may probably be assumed that a licensor is answerable to the licensee for ordinary negligence, in the sense that his own act or omission will make him liable if it is such that it would create liability as between two persons having an equal right to be there." So in Walsh v. F.R.R. Co. ( 145 N.Y. 301) the court said that the defendant owed the plaintiff "a duty to abstain from injuring him either intentionally or by failing to exercise reasonable care, but it did not owe him the duty of active vigilance to see that he was not injured while upon its land merely by permission for his own convenience." This distinction, so well settled by the authorities in this State, does not seem to be recognized in the courts of Massachusetts, where the rule is the same as to a trespasser and a bare licensee. ( O'Brien v. Union Freight R. Co., 209 Mass. 449.)
The rules of law applying to the case of one who goes upon premises in pursuance of a business interest common to him and the owner, and of one who enters as a guest, are somewhat different; but they are not germane to the question before us, not within the scope of this opinion, and are, therefore, not considered.
We, therefore, conclude that the defendant was liable to the plaintiff, a licensee, for any active negligence that resulted in his injury. The act of defendant's employees in suddenly starting the car forward with a jerk when with their knowledge it was slowing down for the purpose of enabling the plaintiff to alight, was an affirmative act of negligence, and as such it was a violation of the duty that the defendant owed to the plaintiff, who was a licensee.
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
Judgment unanimously affirmed, with costs.