Summary
finding that a New York county has a duty to children in its care
Summary of this case from D.J. v. Cnty. of WestchesterOpinion
April 15, 1985
Appeal from the Supreme Court, Nassau County, M. Hallsted Christ, J.
Edward G. McCabe, County Attorney ( Kathryn Driscoll Hopkins and William S. Norden of counsel), for appellants.
Solerwitz, Solerwitz Leeds ( Sari M. Friedman, James O'Shea and Judith A. Kravitz of counsel), for respondent.
Should a county be permitted to amend its answer to interpose a defense of immunity against a claim of negligent placement and supervision of an infant in foster care? For the reasons stated below, we answer this question in the negative and thus affirm Special Term which denied the county defendants' motion for leave to amend and for summary judgment.
I
In July 1977, defendant Department of Social Services of the County of Nassau (hereinafter DSS) placed a four-year-old child and his sister in the foster home of defendant Margaret Toomer after the infant's natural mother was sentenced to prison. Subsequent to placement, the DSS received several reports that the infant was being "beaten" and otherwise "abused" by the foster mother. DSS employees allegedly investigated the complaints and determined that the child should remain in Mrs. Toomer's care pending completion of their investigation. On May 28, 1978, five days after a final home visit by employees, the infant was beaten to death. Mrs. Toomer was subsequently charged and convicted of criminally negligent homicide in connection with the death.
On or about November 17, 1978, William Barnes, the decedent's grandfather and administrator of his estate, commenced the present action against the County of Nassau, the DSS and Mrs. Toomer. The cause of action against the county defendants asserted, in effect, that they were negligent in placing the infant in Mrs. Toomer's care, investigating the complaints of abuse against her, and failing to remove the infant from her care. Initially, the county defendants denied these allegations, and then, on April 30, 1984, some five years after the service of the answer, moved for leave to amend their answer to interpose the affirmative defense of immunity and for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as it was asserted against them.
In a short form order, Special Term denied the county defendants' motion on the ground that "no purpose would be served by allowing defendant[s] to amend [their] answer" since the acts here complained of "require[d] no discretion" and the "County is not immune from liability". While we agree with Special Term's determination, we believe additional explanation is necessary.
II
The law is clear that leave to amend a pleading should be freely granted unless the amendment sought is palpably improper or insufficient as a matter of law or unless prejudice or surprise directly results from delay in seeking such amendment (CPLR 3025 [b]; Norman v Ferrara, 107 A.D.2d 739; Kitchner v Kitchner, 100 A.D.2d 954; Goldstein v Brogan Cadillac Oldsmobile Corp., 90 A.D.2d 512). At the outset, plaintiff argued at nisi prius and renews the argument before this court, that leave to amend should be denied because of the county defendants' five-year delay in seeking amendment. Special Term correctly rejected this argument sub silentio as failing to demonstrate sufficient legal prejudice for CPLR 3025 purposes. Clearly, neither the fact that a motion is made on the eve of trial nor the fact that the matter to be asserted by amendment may defeat the opposing party's cause of action is, in and of itself, a sufficient ground for denying leave to amend ( see, Kule Resources v Reliance Group, 49 N.Y.2d 587; Horwitz v Nagamatsu, 103 A.D.2d 736; Kitchner v Kitchner, supra). The issue before us thus narrows to whether the county defendants' proposed amendment was palpably improper or legally insufficient.
III
In Bartels v County of Westchester ( 76 A.D.2d 517), the infant plaintiff was severely injured as a result of the unfitness and/or carelessness of her foster parents in attempting to bathe her in scalding water. In the ensuing action, she alleged, through her guardian ad litem, that the county defendants were liable for the injuries sustained at the hands of her foster parents after being placed on notice of their incompetence or indifference. Shortly before the case was reached for trial, the county defendants moved to dismiss the action as to them on the ground, inter alia, that they were immune from liability because the care of children placed with foster parents was a governmental activity calling for day-to-day decisions of a highly sensitive discretionary character which could not be subject to judicial scrutiny ( Bartels v County of Westchester, supra, p 520). This court, in an opinion by Justice Hopkins, sustained the complaint, noting that a county was no longer immune from liability for acts not involving the exercise of discretion and plaintiff's claims did not involve quasi-judicial acts ( Bartels v County of Westchester, supra, p 523).
Although Bartels ( supra) was before us on a motion to dismiss the complaint, not on a motion to amend the answer, we believe the case is factually and procedurally indistinguishable from the one at bar, and the principle enunciated therein, namely, that a claim of immunity will not bar inquiry into a county's allegedly negligent placement and supervision of an infant in foster care, should be applicable here. Implicitly conceding the similarity of the two cases, however, the county defendants argue that Bartels ( supra) "is not controlling" since more recent cases, notably Tango v Tulevech ( 61 N.Y.2d 34), "have adopted the view that county social service workers are indeed called upon to exercise discretion on crucial points in cases of suspected child abuse or neglect" and are thus immune from liability. Indeed, defendants contended at nisi prius that to the extent Bartels ( supra), is inconsistent with the Court of Appeals decision in Tango ( supra), it "must be considered to be overruled". We do not read these two cases as inconsistent with each other.
IV
In Tango v Tulevech ( supra, p 41), the Court of Appeals, noting that virtually every act admits some discretion in the manner of performance, nevertheless drew a fine line between discretionary or quasi-judicial acts which are cloaked with immunity, involving as they do "the exercise of reasoned judgment which could typically produce different acceptable results," and ministerial acts which are not, since they "envision * * * direct adherence to a governing rule or standard with a compulsory result" ( see also, Sinhogar v Parry, 74 A.D.2d 204, mod on other grounds 53 N.Y.2d 424). Applying that standard, the court ruled that a supervisor of the in-take unit of a county probation department which served the Family Court, acted within the scope of her discretionary authority and thus with immunity when she permitted a mother, over the father's objection, to take their children with her to South Carolina without first taking them before a Family Court Judge. In reaching this decision, the Court of Appeals specifically pointed out that the duties of the department personnel entailed, inter alia, interviewing clients and determining whether or not there was any possibility of adjusting the grievances they presented, whether the clients possessed a legal cause of action, and whether the Family Court would have jurisdiction of the matter. We see nothing in this decision which impinges upon the validity of Bartels ( supra).
Unlike the situation in Tango ( supra), where the supervisor's determination to entrust the children to one of the parents rather than bring them before the Judge for a decision was within the "reasoned judgment" of her assigned duties and could produce "different acceptable results" ( Tango v Tulevech, 61 N.Y.2d 34, 41, supra), the situation with placement is different. Even assuming that the decision to remove or not to remove a child from its parents is discretionary ( see, Wayne S. v County of Nassau, Dept. of Social Servs., 83 A.D.2d 628; Rittscher v State, 352 N.W.2d 247 [Iowa]), once a determination has been made to place the child in foster care, that commitment does not admit of "different acceptable results" but must be accomplished in accordance with "a governing rule or standard" of reasonable care ( Tango v Tulevech, supra, p 41). To be sure, some discretion is per force exercised — almost every act entails some, as the Court of Appeals noted ( Tango v Tulevech, supra, p 41) — but the discretion that a social worker exercises does not rise on a "continuum of discretion" to the level of a quasi-judicial act ( Smith v Cooper, 256 Or. 485, 499, 475 P.2d 78, 85). The Court of Appeals in Tango ( supra) merely reaffirmed the principle enunciated in Rottkamp v Young ( 21 A.D.2d 373, 377, affd 15 N.Y.2d 831 on opn at App. Div.) that there "remain some areas of governmental action which cannot be questioned for reasons of policy". However, as we said in Bartels ( 76 A.D.2d 517, 523, supra) "[w]e see nothing in plaintiff's claims here which implicate the kind of planning or quasi-judicial acts which are embraced within the area of governmental discretion (e.g., Weiss v Fote, 7 N.Y.2d 579; Rottkamp v Young, 21 A.D.2d 373, affd 15 N.Y.2d 831; Gross v State of New York, 33 A.D.2d 868)." Indeed, the duty to care for the welfare of the children is imposed on the county by the State (Social Services Law §§ 395, 398), including the responsibility to place the children in foster homes or other institutions under proper safeguards (Social Services Law § 398 [g]), to supervise the children while in foster homes (Social Services Law § 398 [h]), and to remove them from the foster home when necessary (Social Services Law § 400). It would be anomalous, to say the least, for the Legislature to impose on the county such a duty, which could be performed by other entities, and then for courts to preclude inquiry into the discharge of those duties, even if resulting from negligence or malice ( see, Rottkamp v Young, supra).
The overriding weight of appellate authority in this country is in agreement that a State or its subdivisions may be answerable for injuries suffered by children as a result of negligence in the placement or supervision of children in their charge ( see, Hanson v Rowe, 18 Ariz. App. 131, 500 P.2d 916; Elton v County of Orange, 3 Cal.App.3d 1053, 84 Cal.Rptr. 27 [decisions made with respect to the maintenance, care or supervision of a dependent child, or in connection with its placement in a particular home, may entail the exercise of discretion in a literal sense, but such determinations do not achieve the level of basic policy decisions precluding judicial inquiry into whether negligence of public employees was involved]; Vonner v State, 273 So.2d 252, 255 [La]; Koepf v County of York, 198 Neb. 67, 251 N.W.2d 866 [placement in foster homes of defenseless children, and the supervision of their health and care, once committed to the custody of the welfare department must be accomplished with reasonable care commensurate with the circumstances, and a political subdivision of the State can be held liable for a breach of that duty]; National Bank v Leir, 325 N.W.2d 845 [SD] [since placement and follow-up of children in foster care are ministerial in nature, doctrine of sovereign immunity does not extend to preclude a suit based on these actions]; Little v Utah State Div. of Family Servs., 667 P.2d 49, 50-52 [Utah]). Indeed, to paraphrase Voltaire, if New York did not have a Bartels, we would have to decide one.
V
Accordingly, in reaffirming the continued vitality of Bartels v County of Westchester ( 76 A.D.2d 517, supra), we hold that a claim of immunity cannot be raised to bar inquiry into a county's alleged negligent acts in the placement and supervision of a child in foster care and that any claim of negligence relating thereto must be resolved at trial. In light of the foregoing, Special Term correctly rejected any attempt by the county defendants to amend their answer to assert what would be an ineffectual defense and to seek summary judgment as to them, based on that defense. Therefore, its order should be affirmed.
RUBIN, LAWRENCE and EIBER, JJ., concur.
Order of the Supreme Court, Nassau County, dated May 23, 1984, affirmed, with costs.