Summary
In Baker v. R.T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc. (260 AD2d 750, 750-751), a group of mine operators was sued by over 100 employees, former employees and a small number of nonemployees who lived near the mines and who suffered personal injuries allegedly due to the inhalation of asbestos dust released from the defendants' mines.
Summary of this case from Holdampf v. A.C. & S., Inc.Opinion
April 8, 1999
Appeals (1) from that part of an order of the Supreme Court (Demarest, J.), entered August 29, 1997 in St. Lawrence County, which partially denied a motion by defendant St. Joe Minerals Corporation for summary judgment dismissing the complaints against it, and (2) from that part of an order of said court, entered September 4, 1997 in St. Lawrence County, which partially denied a motion by defendants R.T. Vanderbilt Company Inc. and Gouverneur Talc Company Inc. for summary judgment dismissing the complaints against them.
Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer Feld (Cheryl A. Falvey of counsel), Washington, D.C. and Sugarman, Wallace, Manheim Schoenwald, Syracuse, for R.T. Vanderbilt Company Inc. and another, appellants.
Mackenzie, Smith, Lewis, Michell Hughes LLP (Deborah E. Moore of counsel), Syracuse, for St. Joe Minerals Corporation, appellant.
Setright, Ciabotti Longstreet (John C. Setright of counsel), Syracuse, for respondents.
Before: MIKOLL, J.P., CREW III, YESAWICH JR., SPAIN and CARPINELLO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This appeal involves 20 separate lawsuits, many of which have been pending for more than 10 years, commenced by over 100 employees, former employees and estates of deceased employees who suffered personal injuries from the inhalation of asbestos containing minerals allegedly released by defendants' mining practices. All of the subject mines (whether open pit or shaft) are located within several miles of each other in St. Lawrence County. Defendant Gouverneur Talc Company Inc. mined talc, a raw material used principally in the ceramic and paint industries. Defendant R.T. Vanderbilt Company Inc. (hereinafter Vanderbilt) owns all of the stock of Gouverneur. Vanderbilt claims, through the affidavit of its president, that it never engaged in the actual mining, milling or processing of talc; rather, it served only as a "sales agent" for its subsidiary. However, in 1974, Vanderbilt acquired substantially all the assets of nonparty International Talc Company Inc., which had also employed numerous named plaintiffs in its talc mines. Although plaintiffs concede that they do not seek relief against Vanderbilt based upon its status as a successor corporation to International, the record is unclear as to whether Vanderbilt itself ever used any of the acquired assets of International for mining. Furthermore, although Vanderbilt contends that it purchased these assets "through" Gouverneur, the asset purchase agreement is clearly between Vanderbilt and International. Defendant St. Joe Minerals Corporation mined zinc in the same vicinity that Gouverneur mined talc.
Plaintiffs Mary Hall and Judy Gotham are the only plaintiffs who never worked in the mines. Hall alleges that she suffered injuries after coming into contact with dust on her husband's work clothes. Similarly, Gotham claims injuries from contact with her father's work clothes.
Fluor Corporation, the parent company of St. Joe, was originally named as a defendant but has been dismissed from the actions with plaintiffs' consent.
The complaints are essentially identical in that they assert causes of action in negligence, breach of warranty, strict products liability and fraud/conspiracy, as well as loss of consortium claims where appropriate. In response to defendants' instant motions for summary judgment, Supreme Court dismissed all claims by those employees as against their own employers based upon the exclusivity provisions of the Workers' Compensation Law. To the extent that plaintiffs assert claims that the mining activities of a defendant other than their respective employers also caused exposure to asbestos (by causing the airborne dispersal of asbestos-containing minerals in the community generally), Supreme Court dismissed those causes of action sounding in breach of warranty and products liability but found questions of fact precluding dismissal of the negligence and fraud/conspiracy causes of action. Defendants appeal, arguing that their motions should have been granted in their entirety.
In making the latter determination, Supreme Court relied principally on a prior determination of Supreme Court (Duskas, J.) rendered in 1989 which denied summary judgment to defendants.
At the outset, we address plaintiffs' procedural contention that, because defendants did not appeal from the 1989 order denying summary judgment, they were precluded from filing subsequent motions for similar relief. "The denial of a motion for summary judgment establishes nothing except that summary judgment is not warranted at [that] time" (Siegel, N Y Prac § 287, at 416 [2d ed]). In light of the considerable additional discovery conducted by the parties subsequent to the 1989 denial of summary judgment, we find sufficient cause for the filing of the instant motions for summary judgment (compare, Ralston Purina Co. v. McKee Co., 174 A.D.2d 1060) and, accordingly, reject this contention.
Turning to the substantive issue of the viability of plaintiffs' causes of action sounding in negligence, defendants argue that their only duty as employers was to provide a safe workplace for their employees and that this duty does not extend to those plaintiffs who were not in their employ. They rely principally on Widera v. Ettco Wire Cable Corp. ( 204 A.D.2d 306, lv denied 85 N.Y.2d 804), which refused to recognize a cause of action in favor of a neurologically injured infant who claimed exposure to lead dust and other toxic chemicals while in utero. The exposure allegedly occurred as a result of the infant plaintiff's father bringing his work clothes home to be washed by his then pregnant wife (see, id., at 306). While the court in Widera found that the defendant employer owed no duty under common-law negligence to the infant plaintiff, we do not view the causes of action as pleaded by plaintiffs in these cases quite so narrowly as to fit squarely within the factual confines of Widera.
Mine operators, like all landowners, must exercise reasonable care in the use of their property and can be found liable for the negligent discharge of dangerous substances which injure third parties (see generally, 53A Am Jur 2d, Mines and Minerals, § 339, at 499-500; see also, 85 N.Y. Jur 2d, Premises Liability, § 270, at 519-520). On the record before us, we cannot conclude as a matter of law that defendants, if their mining activities were a source of airborne asbestos in the community generally, did not breach any legal duty to plaintiffs. Plaintiffs (excluding Hall and Gotham) will ultimately have to prove that their incidental exposure to the alleged airborne asbestos — as opposed to their considerable exposure during the course of employment — was asubstantial cause of their respective injuries; however, on these motions defendants offered no expert testimony concerning the issues of causation or the apportionment of harm among two or more causes (see, Restatement [Second] of Torts § 434; see also, Stornelli v. United States Gypsum Co., 134 F.2d 461, 463, cert denied 319 U.S. 760). In sum, they failed to meet their initial burden of proof as movants for summary judgment and Supreme Court properly denied their motions with respect to the negligence causes of action.
We reach a contrary result, however, with respect to the fraud/conspiracy causes of action. Since New York does not recognize an independent tort of civil conspiracy (see, Factory Point Natl. Bank v. Wooden Indian, 198 A.D.2d 563, 565; see also, Guglielmo v. Unanue, 244 A.D.2d 718, 721), such a cause of action is available only if there is evidence of an underlying actionable tort (see, Factory Point Natl. Bank v. Wooden Indian, supra, at 565). Thus, plaintiffs may not maintain their causes of action for civil conspiracy absent a showing of fraud on the part of defendants. Plaintiffs contend that defendants intentionally concealed information from or made affirmative misrepresentations to their workers about the alleged dangers of the asbestos purportedly contained in the ore being mined. Following discovery, plaintiffs' counsel conceded that there was no proof that St. Joe conspired in any way with either Vanderbilt or Gouverneur. Plaintiffs continue to allege, however, that Vanderbilt and Gouverneur conspired with others including, but not limited to, International.
These allegations are not sufficient, however, because the only substantive proof of the claimed misrepresentations or concealment of known dangers relates to statements and assurances by defendants' managerial personnel and/or physicians as communicated to their respective employees about the lack of any danger or potential harm from asbestos. The record is devoid of any factual support that defendants made false misrepresentations to or intentionally concealed material facts from the public generally, as is required to support a claim for the alleged fraud perpetrated by a mining defendant other than a plaintiff's respective employer. Indeed, a knowingly false representation cannot support a claim for fraud unless made with the intent to be communicated to persons who relied upon it to their detriment (see,Ultramares Corp. v. Touche, 255 N.Y. 170, 187). There being an absence of proof that defendants intended to make false representations to individuals not in their employ who would rely upon these representations to their detriment, summary judgment with respect to the conspiracy/fraud causes of action should have been granted.
MIKOLL, J.P., CREW III, YESAWICH JR. and SPAIN, JJ., concur.
ORDERED that the orders are modified, on the law, without costs, by granting defendants' motions for summary judgment insofar as they seek to dismiss plaintiffs' causes of action for fraud and conspiracy to commit fraud; said causes of action are dismissed; and, as so modified, affirmed.