Opinion
No. 39836.
December 13, 1929.
MASTER AND SERVANT: Workmen's Compensation Act — Compensable 1 Injury — Hearing — Unallowable Impeachment of Witness — Effect. When the testimony of witnesses offered by an employer tends to show that an injury to an employee arose out of and in the course of his employment, it is wholly unallowable for the industrial commissioner, notwithstanding Sec. 1441, Code, 1927, to permit the employer to impeach his own witnesses by introducing their former ex-parte affidavits as to how the injury occurred, and equally unallowable for said commissioner to treat such affidavits as substantive evidence, creating a conflict with the testimony of the injured employee, unquestionably showing that his injuries were compensable. In other words, the impeachment being wholly unallowable, the testimony of both the claimant and the master's witnesses stands uncontradicted, and the injury is legally compensable, notwithstanding a contrary finding by the commissioner.
KINDIG, J., dissents.
MASTER AND SERVANT: Workmen's Compensation Act — Rules of
Evidence and Procedure.
Headnote 2: 28 R.C.L. 827.
Witnesses: 40 Cyc., p. 2450, n. 85; p. 2696, n. 16; p. 2744, n. 57; p. 2764, n. 16; p. 2766, n. 23. Workmen's Compensation Acts — C.J., § 114, p. 115, n. 37; § 127, p. 122, n. 40.
Appeal from Fayette District Court. — CARL W. REED, Judge.
This proceeding originated under the Workmen's Compensation Law. Compensation was denied by the industrial commissioner, and, on appeal to the district court, his finding and order was reversed. The defendants appeal. — Affirmed.
H.A. Hodges, W.H. Antes, and A.R. Kroppach, for appellants.
E.H. Estey, for appellee.
The claimant, L.D. Baker, while in the employ of the appellants Roberts Beier, who operate a dray line at Waucoma, fell from a dray wagon in which he was riding, and was 1. MASTER AND seriously injured. It is the claim of appellants SERVANT: that his injuries were the result of "horse Workmen's play," and that they did not arise out of or in Compensation the course of his employment. The commissioner Act: so found. This finding, if supported by compensable competent evidence, is conclusive and binding injury: upon this court. Kent v. Kent, 202 Iowa 1044; hearing: Guthrie v. Iowa Gas Elec. Co., 200 Iowa 150; unallowable Hinrichs v. Davenport Locomotive Works, 203 Iowa impeachment 1395; O'Callahan v. Dermedy, 197 Iowa 632; Pace of witness: v. Appanoose County, 184 Iowa 498; Rish v. Iowa effect. Portland Cement Co., 186 Iowa 443.
The claimant testified that one horse of the team he was driving lagged behind, and that he raised the lines with his right hand, for the purpose of striking the horse, and that, as he did so, a man by the name of Sullivan, who was walking by the side of the wagon, caught the line; that, when he released it, the claimant lost his balance, and fell out of the wagon onto the ground, with the results stated. Sullivan and another witness who was with him were called by appellant and examined as to the occurrence. These witnesses attempted in their testimony to fully corroborate the claimant. Prior to the date of the hearing before the arbitration committee, and shortly after the injuries were received by the claimant, each of these witnesses subscribed to an affidavit stating that the claimant raised his lines and, in a playful manner, attempted to strike Sullivan, who caught hold of the line, and, when he let loose, the claimant lost his balance and fell out of the wagon. These affidavits were offered and introduced in evidence by appellants. The industrial commissioner, believing the statements contained in the affidavit, found that the injuries to the claimant were the result of "horse play," or the sportive conduct of the claimant, and therefore were not compensable. This finding by the commissioner, if supported by competent evidence, must be sustained. Wittmer v. Dexter Mfg. Co., 204 Iowa 180. Manifestly, the recitals of the affidavits are in direct conflict with the testimony of the two witnesses, and also with the testimony of the claimant. The witnesses maintain that the version given by them upon the hearing before the arbitrators is the true one. Therefore, the conflict, if any, in the evidence is presented by the affidavits. The rule is too well settled to require discussion that a party to an action may not impeach his own witnesses. He is not, however, wholly bound by their testimony, and may call other witnesses to contradict their statements. Humble v. Shoemaker, 70 Iowa 223; Doran v. Waterloo, C.F. N.R. Co., 170 Iowa 614; First Nat. Bank v. Way, 167 Iowa 426; Endicott Johnson Corp. v. Shapiro, 200 Iowa 843. The rule recognized in the cases cited and in other decisions of this court is that, when the party is surprised by the testimony of a witness called by him, he may, for the purpose of refreshing his recollection and awakening his conscience, call his attention to contradictory statements made by him, but may not use the same for the purpose of impeachment. This is the extent of the liberty allowed him in this jurisdiction. The affidavits in question were impeaching in character, and present a materially different version of what occurred at the time of the accident from that shown by their oral testimony. To create a dispute in the testimony, it is necessary that the affidavits be treated as substantive evidence, and the witnesses as impeached. This is exactly what the rule forbids. If the affidavits be disregarded as substantive proof, and the witnesses called by appellant as discredited thereby to the extent that the industrial commissioner might properly have wholly rejected their testimony, the record would be no less favorable to the claimant. In such event, the claimant's testimony would be uncontradicted and conclusive as to the cause of the injuries, both before the industrial commissioner and in this court.
It is, however, contended by appellants that proceedings before the arbitration committee are informal, and that strict and technical rules of evidence and procedure will not be applied. Section 1441 of the Code of 1927 provides that:
"* * * neither the board of arbitration nor the commissioner shall be bound by common law or statutory rules of evidence or by technical or formal rules of procedure; but they shall hold such arbitrations, or conduct such hearings and make such investigations and inquiries in such manner as is best suited to ascertain and conserve the substantial rights of all parties thereto. Process and procedure under this chapter shall be as summary as reasonably may be."
This statute was interpreted and applied in O'Callahan v. Dermedy, 197 Iowa 632; Mitchell v. Phillips Min. Co., 181 Iowa 600; and in Reid v. Automatic E.W. Co., 189 Iowa 964; Swim v. Central Iowa Fuel Co., 204 Iowa 546. We held in 2. MASTER AND these cases that hearings before the industrial SERVANT: commissioner may not be by affidavits alone, but Workmen's that, when offered, they may be considered for Compensation some purposes. The commissioner, however, must Act: rules always, when requested, require that the affiant of evidence be produced for cross-examination. We held in and Hinrichs v. Davenport Locomotive Works, supra, procedure. that a letter offered and received in evidence by the arbitration committee was inadmissible. Manifestly, the legislature did not contemplate that all ordinary rules of evidence and procedure may be disregarded by the industrial commissioner. To permit the affidavits introduced in evidence by appellants to be considered by the commissioner for the purpose of impeaching their own witnesses and as substantive proof of the facts in the case, would be to ignore and utterly disregard most wholesome and universal rules of evidence. The statute, where applicable, contemplates no such informality of procedure or relaxation of long established rules of evidence. We think that clearly the affidavits were not admissible for impeaching purposes, nor did they create a conflict in the evidence.
It is our conclusion that competent evidence introduced upon the hearing before the arbitration committee without conflict supports the claimant, and that the injury received by him arose out of and in the course of his employment, and is, therefore, under the law, compensable. The judgment of the court below is affirmed. — Affirmed.
ALBERT, C.J., and EVANS, De GRAFF, and WAGNER, JJ., concur.
KINDIG, J., dissents, on the ground that common-law rules of evidence are abolished by statute.