Opinion
Decided March 6, 1933.
Workmen's compensation — Strangulated hernia an injury, when — Death from injury, a jury question — Evidence — Statements by patient to physician, admissible as res gestae, when — Statements inadmissible when made to physician as expert witness — Physician's testimony competent before Industrial Commission in determining cause of death — Rules of evidence inapplicable — Section 1465-91, General Code — Workmen's Compensation Law liberally construed — Error to exclude physician's testimony on appeal, when.
1. Strangulated hernia resulting directly from strain or overexertion while performing duties of employment constitutes "injury" within Compensation Act, though there was previously existing structural weakness at point where injury was received (Section 1465-37 et seq., General Code).
2. Statements by patient to attending physician immediately after accident under circumstances lending character and color to incident sought to be established are admissible as res gestae.
3. Where physician examines injured person for purpose of testifying as expert as to injured person's physical condition, injured person's declarations to physician are inadmissible.
4. Where physician is called to treat injured person, all statements of symptoms and sufferings by injured person to physician, though involving statements as to nature of accident, if necessary to diagnosis by physician, may be testified to by physician, in absence of circumstances casting suspicion on genuineness of utterance.
5. Industrial Commission could hear testimony of physician who attended deceased employee to determine whether death resulted from injury received while in course of employment, even though physician's statements dealt in part with narrative statements of deceased respecting cause and circumstances of injury (Section 1465-91, General Code).
6. Industrial Commission has discretion to ascertain truth of claim by what it considers reliable evidence, whether it be hearsay or otherwise, but discretion cannot be arbitrarily exercised (Section 1465-91, General Code).
7. Workmen's Compensation Law must be liberally construed (Section 1465-37 et seq., General Code).
8. On appeal from Industrial Commission's rejection of claim for employee's death, action of common pleas court in excluding testimony of attending physicians respecting statements made by employee about two and one-half hours after alleged accident resulting in death from strangulated hernia held error (Section 1465-37 et seq., and Section 1465-91, General Code).
9. Whether death of filling station attendant from strangulated hernia was caused by injury sustained in course of employment held for jury (Section 1465-37 et seq., General Code).
ERROR: Court of Appeals for Cuyahoga county.
Mr. Robert D. Godfrey, for plaintiffs in error.
Mr. John W. Bricker, attorney general, Mr. Donald W. Hornbeck and Mr. W.R. Price, for defendant in error.
Error proceedings are prosecuted in this court from the judgment of the common pleas court, which directed a verdict in favor of the Industrial Commission of Ohio and against the plaintiff in error.
Originally this action began with proceedings before the Industrial Commission of Ohio for compensation on account of the death of Harry Hastings, husband and father, respectively, of plaintiffs in error. Upon the original hearing and upon the rehearing before the Industrial Commission of Ohio, this claim was rejected for the reason that the proof did not establish that the decedent's death was the result of an injury received in the course of his employment. Upon a rehearing, testimony of various witnesses was taken before a referee designated by the Industrial Commission of Ohio, and the same is now contained in the bill of exceptions.
Plaintiffs in error then filed a petition in the court of common pleas, which perfected an appeal from the decision of the Industrial Commission of Ohio. At the conclusion of all the evidence, the motion of the Industrial Commission of Ohio for a directed verdict in its favor was granted. Verdict was accordingly rendered against the plaintiffs in error and judgment entered.
It appears from the record that prior to and at the time he received the injury complained of, Harry Hastings, deceased, was employed as a gasoline station attendant by the Kennedy Oil Company in Cleveland, Ohio. The Kennedy Oil Company had complied with the Workmen's Compensation Act of Ohio and had paid its premiums into the state insurance fund. The decedent was in charge of a gasoline filling station located at the corner of Memphis avenue and West Seventy-Third street, Cleveland, Ohio. On May 30, 1929, he was the only employee of the Kennedy Oil Company working at the Memphis avenue and West Seventy-Third street filling station. May 30, 1929, was Memorial Day, automobile traffic was heavy, and the work of the station was greater than usual. The decedent's work consisted of filling motor vehicles with gasoline and oil and all the incidental work performed in connection with this business. On that day Mr. Hastings started to work at eleven o'clock in the morning. When he went to work that morning he was apparently in good health. A Mr. Bachman, secretary and treasurer of the Kennedy Oil Company, called at the company's stations daily for the purpose of making collections, giving instructions to station operators and attending to the general overseeing of the work of the stations. On account of the increase in business that day this station was running short of oil, and to help provide for the emergency Mr. Bachman brought a can of oil to this station in the back end of his Ford coupe. It is claimed that on this occasion Harry Hastings, in the course of his work, lifted this can of oil out of the back of the Ford coupe, over the tire carrier at the end; that a short time thereafter Harry Hastings became severely ill, fainted, and fell to the floor of the station house in an unconscious condition; that he remained unconscious for several hours thereafter and was then taken to his home, where his unconsciousness continued for several hours. James L. Eckerfield and his son, William Arthur Eckerfield, witnesses in this case, stated that the approximate time when Hastings fainted and fell to the floor of the station house was about 6:30 o'clock p.m.; that the two of them, with the assistance of a third person, carried Hastings out of the gasoline station house and put him into the back end of a Chevrolet automobile and drove him home about seven o'clock p.m.; that they carried him into the house and put him in bed. In this respect these two witnesses seem to contradict the statement of Mr. Bachman that, when he arrived at the station house at 5:30 o'clock p.m., Hastings was not there.
Dr. Thomas, who testified in this case, was immediately called. He arrived at the Hastings home about nine p.m., of the same day. Dr. Thomas stated that at that time Mr. Hastings told him that he was injured by lifting a can of oil out of the back end of the Ford coupe; that it became caught on the tire carrier and in pulling it loose he strained his side. Dr. Thomas diagnosed the case as a case of strangulated hernia and ordered Mr. Hastings to the hospital the next day for an operation. There is evidence in the record that all that night Mr. Hastings was critically ill, suffering excruciating pain.
On May 31, 1929, while at the hospital, Mr. Hastings told Dr. Masonheimer that he was injured by lifting the can of oil or grease out of the back end of the Ford coupe. On the same day Dr. Masonheimer performed an operation, and on June 9, 1929, Mr. Hastings died in the hospital. Both doctors testified that in their opinion the strangulated hernia was caused by strain and overexertion.
The major questions involved in this case are the following:
(1) Is there any evidence that the death of Harry A. Hastings was caused by an injury he received in the course of his employment?
(2) Did the court err in arresting the case from the jury and directing a verdict for the Industrial Commission of Ohio?
(3) Did the court err in excluding statements alleged to have been made by Harry A. Hastings to Dr. Thomas, Mrs. Hastings and Dr. Masonheimer, narrating the circumstances under which he received the injury?
The record discloses that the decedent had a hernia on his right side for about fifteen years, and wore a truss. There is no evidence that the same caused him any trouble, or in any way interfered with his work, and he was apparently in healthy condition up to the time of the alleged injury.
It is contended by the plaintiffs that, where a strangulated hernia results directly from a strain or overexertion while the workman is performing the duties of his employment, the same constitutes an injury within the meaning of the Workmen's Compensation Act (Section 1465-37 et seq., General Code), even though there was a previously existing structural weakness at the point where the injury was received.
The case of Industrial Commission v. Polcen, 121 Ohio St. 377, 169 N.E. 305, supports the proposition of law contended for by the plaintiffs in error. The record seems to indicate that the strangulated hernia which he is alleged to have sustained was on the other side of his body.
The claim that a strangulated hernia resulted from the act of the decedent, Hastings, in lifting the can of oil from the rear part of Mr. Bachman's Ford coupe, is not directly denied, excepting that Mr. Bachman stated that on that particular day he carried a five-gallon can of oil in the back of his car, but he stated that he did not know whether Hastings lifted the can out of his car or not; that he did not learn of any trouble until he went to the company's Berea station and there learned for the first time that something had happened and that Hastings was sick; that he went to the Hastings home about 5:30 p.m.; that he found Mr. Hastings in bed; and that Hastings told him he was sick.
Mr. James L. Eckerfield testified that he lived about fifty feet away from the gasoline station where Hastings was working; that after dinner he saw Mr. Hastings working around the gasoline station; that not long after he first noticed Mr. Hastings he saw him stagger into the doorway of the gasoline station; and that he went over to him. He stated that Hastings was lying on the floor, and that he said, "I am sick." Thereupon Eckerfield stated that he helped take Mr. Hastings home.
Reference is made by defendant in error to the testimony of Dr. Masonheimer, who stated that Hastings had a strangulated hernia. Dr. Masonheimer was not the family physician, but was called in by Dr. Thomas, who was the family physician, to operate on the strangulated hernia. Dr. Masonheimer further testified that Hastings died of post-operation pneumonia on June 9, 1929.
It is contended, therefore, by defendant in error, that the record does not present a scintilla of evidence tending to show that the death of Harry A. Hastings came as a result of an injury which he received in the course of his employment. It is pointed out, by way of argument, that when you take away from this case the testimony of the doctors who examined him, who, in addition to the medical evidence given by them, related the statements made by the decedent as to how he was injured, namely, by the lifting of a can of oil, there is nothing left in the case to justify submission to the jury.
The most important question before us is: Was the trial court right in excluding the statements of the decedent made to Dr. Thomas, Mrs. Hastings and Dr. Masonheimer as to how he received his injury? The referee who heard the witnesses on the rehearing, ordered by the Industrial Commission, excluded these statements, and the trial court did likewise.
There is no unanimity of opinion on this subject. Of course, there is no question that the statements made by a patient to his attending physician immediately after the accident, under such circumstances as to lend character and color to the incident sought to be established, would be admissible on the ground that they are part of the res gestæ. The admissibility of such statements in such event is not founded upon the relationship of patient to physician. The same would be admissible if made to any other person.
Whether or not the statements made by the decedent to Dr. Thomas at nine p.m. of the same day could be held admissible on the ground that they constituted a part of the res gestæ we are not deciding. It may well be contended, in view of the evidence offered by James L. Eckerfield and William Arthur Eckerfield, to the effect that the decedent fainted and fell to the floor of the station house about 6:30 p.m., that he was not brought home until after seven p.m., and that all that time he was either in an unconscious or semiconscious condition, groaning from pain and suffering, that a statement made by him on recovering full consciousness at nine p.m. comes within the rule of admissibility on the ground of res gestæ.
It is universally held that where a physician examines an injured person, not for the purpose of treatment, but for the purpose of testifying as an expert as to the physical condition of such injured person, such declarations are inadmissible. Pennsylvania Co. v. Files, 65 Ohio St. 403, 62 N.E. 1047. But where it appears that the physician testifying was called by the injured person in his ordinary professional capacity, and for purposes of securing relief from pain, and for medical treatment, and there are no circumstances casting suspicion on the genuineness of the utterance, all statements of symptoms and sufferings, whether past or present, and though involving statements as to the nature of the accident, if necessary to diagnosis by the physician, may be testified to by him. See Jones Commentaries on Evidence (2d Ed.), Volume 3, Section 1217.
Rather the admissibility of such statements is an exception to the general rule of evidence which has its origin in the necessity of the case. "To the argument against their competency, founded on the danger of deception and fraud, the answer is, that such representations are competent only when made to a person of science and medical knowledge, who has the means and opportunity of observing and ascertaining whether the statements and declarations correspond with the condition and appearance of the persons making them, and the present existing symptoms which the eye of experience and skill may discover. Nor is it to be forgotten that statements made to a physician for the purpose of medical advice and treatment are less open to suspicion than the ordinary declarations of a party. They are made with a view to be acted on in a matter of grave personal concernment, in relation to which the party has a strong and direct interest to adhere to the truth." From the opinion of Bigelow, C.J., in Barber v. Merriam, 93 Mass. (11 Allen), 322. See Wigmore on Evidence (2d Ed.), Volume 3, Section 1719.
There is a conflict of opinion as to the purpose for which such statements may be admitted. The better reason seems to be that when evidence is admissible on any single ground, it must be received, and may then be considered as proper evidence as bearing upon any of the issues of the case. This general principle is known as the principle of multiple admissibility. See Wigmore on Evidence (2d Ed.), volume 3, Section 1720.
A careful examination of the authorities in Ohio reveals a scarcity of precedent on the subject. The case of Dabbert v. Travelers Ins. Co. of Hartford, Conn., 2 C.S.C.R., 98, deals directly with the question before us. The opinion was rendered by Taft, J. It is there held:
"In an action for a loss under a policy against death by accident, a statement made by deceased to his physician, upon which the physician forms his opinion, and makes a prescription, is competent evidence to prove what was the actual cause of his illness and death, although the symptoms are such as might be produced either by disease or by the accident."
Quoting from the opinion, at page 101:
"The statements of the history of his case, made to his physician by a patient, who is seeking relief from pain and severe sickness, are entitled to credit. To state untruly to his doctor the cause of his sickness would be directly against his most vital interest in saving his health and life. In such a case, the absence of a statement by the patient of such a cause of his sickness would be an important element in forming the physician's opinion. For if a patient did not refer to such an accident as the cause of his sickness, the doctor would necessarily conclude that the symptoms did not come from such a cause. * * * The evidence in the case satisfies me that the deceased did suffer an injury by a fall. * * * He said so to his doctor, when he sought relief from pain and sickness. It is not possible to conceive, that he was, at that time, contriving to defraud the insurance company by dying a natural death under pretense of an accident."
The Industrial Commission of Ohio, in the case of Walker v. Harper Drug Co., 13 O.L.R., 366, fully approves and follows the principle laid down by Taft, J. The opinion rendered in this case is by Yaple, Chairman of the Industrial Commission of Ohio, as of the date January 19, 1915. It is a very carefully considered opinion, which reviews authorities both in England and in this country. Quoting from the opinion on page 369:
"We are of the opinion that according to the decision of Judge Taft in the Dabbert case, supra, that such testimony should be admitted for what it is worth, as otherwise there would be a complete failure of justice in many meritorious cases. * * * But we are not required to confine ourselves to the rules of evidence prevailing in the courts. This commission is not a court. It is an administrative board similar to many other administrative boards such as the Interstate Commerce Commission, boards of county commissioners, boards of equalization, legislative investigation committees, etc., and in proceedings before such administrative bodies, it is not practicable to apply the strict rules of law of evidence. Such bodies, in practice, are free to adopt `short cuts' to arrive at ultimate facts and are usually not bound by the common law rules of evidence. Besides, in the Workmen's Compensation Act it is specifically provided that the Industrial Commission of Ohio shall not be so bound.
"Section 44 of the Workmen's Compensation Act of 1913 (G.C., 1465-61 [91]), is as follows:
"`Such board (commission) shall not be bound by the usual common law or statutory rules of evidence or by any technical or formal rules of procedure, other than as herein provided; but may make the investigation in such manner as in its judgment is best calculated to ascertain the substantial rights of the parties and to carry out justly the spirit of the act.'"
It is quite apparent that the statute above quoted radically modifies the general rule of evidence excluding hearsay testimony. It would have been competent for the commission in the case at bar to have made a short cut in its inquiry as to the cause of death, and to have determined whether the same resulted from an injury to the decedent while in the course of his employment. The commission without question would have been authorized to hear the statements of both Dr. Thomas and Dr. Masonheimer for that purpose, even though the statements of these doctors deal in part with the narrative statements of the decedent dealing with the cause of the injury, and the circumstances under which he received the same. There is a sound discretion vested in the board by virtue of the General Code to ascertain the truth of a claim by what it considers reliable evidence, whether it be hearsay or otherwise. This discretion cannot be exercised in an arbitrary manner; for it then ceases to be discretion.
It is quite clear to us that the Workmen's Compensation Law must be liberally construed so as to carry out the purpose of its enactment. The statements of the decedent in the case at bar, it will be seen, deal merely with the circumstances under which he received his injury, which the doctors described as a strangulated hernia, namely, by the lifting of the can of oil from the back of an automobile, while he was working on his job as an attendant at the gasoline station of his employer. This statement of the deceased to Dr. Thomas, the attending physician, was necessary and essential in order to enable the doctor to properly prescribe for and treat the patient. It will also be seen that the statement of the decedent to Dr. Thomas does not deal with the question of negligence on the part of any one, because the question of negligence is not here involved. In a case such as this it concerns, instead, the question of an accident while in the course of employment. The statement of a patient to his attending physician, which tells not only of the injury which he received and the circumstances attending it, but also seeks to establish negligence on the part of any one, may be open to serious objection, as the determination of the question of negligence is one of the ultimate questions which must be determined by the jury. We are, however, not dealing with such statements. Under the authorities cited, and having in mind the purpose of the enactment of the Workmen's Compensation Act, the express authority given to the board to disregard common law and statutory rules of evidence, or technical or formal rules of procedure, plus the admonition that the act shall be liberally construed so as to carry out the purpose of its enactment, we are of the opinion that the common pleas court was in error in excluding the testimony of Dr. Thomas as to the statements made to him by the decedent, at nine o'clock p.m. on the day when the alleged accident occurred.
There are, in our opinion, other circumstances which lend credence to the statements alleged to have been made by the decedent to Dr. Thomas. Mr. Bachman, secretary and treasurer of the Kennedy Oil Company, stated that he carried a five-gallon can of oil in the back of his car on this day, but he did not know whether Hastings lifted this out of the car or not. This part of the statement alleged to have been made by decedent to Dr. Thomas, as to the presence of a five-gallon can of oil in the back of the Ford car, is fully corroborated by the testimony of Mr. Bachman. The testimony of the Eckerfields, who lived about fifty feet from the gasoline station, who stated that they saw Mr. Hastings working around the gasoline station, fully corroborates the statements alleged to have been made by decedent to Dr. Thomas that he was at the time of the alleged injury working at the gasoline station. Mr. James Eckerfield further testified that, not long after he saw Mr. Hastings working in the gasoline station, he saw him stagger into the doorway; that he found him lying on the floor of the gasoline station; that he heard him say that he was sick; and that he (Mr. Eckerfield) and his son and a third person took Mr. Hastings home.
We are of the opinion that to say the least there was a scintilla of evidence supporting the allegations of the plaintiffs in error that the decedent's death was caused by an injury which he suffered while in the course of his employment; that the common pleas court was in error when it excluded the evidence offered by Dr. Thomas and when it directed a verdict in favor of the Industrial Commission of Ohio. This is clearly a jury question and the case should have been submitted to the jury.
The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings according to law.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
McGILL, J., concurs.
LIEGHLEY, P.J., dissents.
The evidence in this case overwhelmingly establishes the fact that the decedent, Hastings, as an attendant, was working at this gasoline station during the afternoon of May 30, 1929. Late in the afternoon or early in the evening he was found unconscious on the floor of the gasoline station. He was taken home, put to bed, and called Dr. Thomas for treatment the same evening. What, in the course of human events, could be more probable than Hastings' statement to Dr. Thomas that he sustained this injury by lifting a heavy can of oil? The very fact that Hastings made this statement for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment negatives the suggestion that the statement was false. The doctors testified that hernia was usually caused by strain. This man was found to be suffering with a strangulated hernia. The evidence showed that Hastings was working in that gasoline station, where he was found on the floor unconscious. Where else, in the realm of probabilities, did Hastings sustain a strain that caused this hernia, if not in the course of his employment?
Hastings apparently was in good health before and after the noon hour; he was seen working in and about the gasoline station; and finally he was found unconscious at his post of duty.
In industrial compensation cases the Legislature expressly stated that the commission was not bound by technical rules of evidence. This does not mean that evidence should not be confined within reasonable limits. But the purpose of that provision is to determine the truth by a liberal construction of the law.
If Hastings had lived, he could testify to the matters which the court below excluded. Such an interpretation as given by the court below works an injustice upon his dependents.
The circumstances under which Hastings made this statement to his attending physician furnish a reasonable guaranty of its reliability. Under the facts and circumstances in this particular case the evidence establishes a strong probability that this hernia was received in the course of the employment.
I am of the opinion that this case should have been submitted to the jury.