Summary
In Bacon, the defendant was being tried for a burglary which occurred on December 21, 1950. Evidence of conviction of three attempted burglaries (November 25, 1950; December 29, 1950; and March 15, 1951, as well as three 1946 guilty pleas to burglary) was held inadmissible by this court.
Summary of this case from State v. JohnsonOpinion
17881.
SUBMITTED JUNE 9, 1952.
DECIDED JULY 14, 1952.
Certiorari from Court of Appeals. 85 Ga. App. 630.
Joseph B. Cramer, for plaintiff in error.
Andrew J. Ryan Jr., Solicitor-General, contra.
On a prosecution for a particular crime, evidence which in any manner shows or tends to show that the accused has committed another crime wholly distinct, independent, and separate from that for which he is on trial, even though it be a crime of the same sort, is irrelevant and inadmissible, unless there be shown some logical connection between the two from which it can be said that proof of the one tends to establish the other.
No. 17881. SUBMITTED JUNE 9, 1952 — DECIDED JULY 14, 1952.
This case is here on certiorari from the Court of Appeals, and involves the question of whether the State is permitted to introduce in evidence previous convictions of similar offenses against one who is on trial charged with crime. In the instant case the defendant was on trial charged with the offense of burglary, alleged in the indictment to have been committed on December 21, 1950. The trial court admitted in evidence, over the objection of counsel for the defendant that it was permitting the State to place the defendant's character in issue when the defendant had not done so, three accusations from the City Court of Savannah, charging attempt to commit burglary with verdicts of guilty thereon, dated respectively November 24, 1950, December 29, 1950, and March 15, 1951, and three accusations of the crime of burglary, in Chatham Superior Court, with pleas of guilty thereon, dated April 13, 1946. The Court of Appeals, by a divided bench, affirmed the ruling of the trial court ( Bacon v. State, 85 Ga. App. 630, 70 S.E.2d 54), holding that this evidence was admissible, under an exception to the general rule, for the purpose of showing intent to steal on the part of the defendant, and it is this portion of the opinion that is assigned as error by the present petition for certiorari.
It is a fundamental principle in our system of jurisprudence, intended to protect the individual who is charged with crime, and to insure him of a fair and impartial trial before an unbiased jury, that the general character of the defendant and his conduct in other transactions is irrelevant unless the defendant chooses to put his character in issue. Code, §§ 38-201, 38-202; Green v. State, 172 Ga. 635 ( 158 S.E. 285); Hunter v. State, 188 Ga. 215 ( 3 S.E.2d 729). It is universally recognized — and by the Court of Appeals in this case (p. 636) — that "The general rule is, that, on a prosecution for a particular crime, evidence which in any manner shows or tends to show that the accused has committed another crime wholly independent from that for which he is on trial, even though it be a crime of the same sort, is irrelevant and inadmissible." (Italics ours.) Williams v. State, 152 Ga. 498, 521 ( 110 S.E. 286); Cawthon v. State, 119 Ga. 395 ( 46 S.E. 897); Frank v. State, 141 Ga. 243 ( 80 S.E. 1016).
In Cox v. State, 165 Ga. 145 ( 139 S.E. 861), the general rule is stated as follows: "When one is on trial charged with the commission of a crime, proof of a distinct, independent, and separate offense is never admissible, unless there is some logical connection between the two, from which it can be said that proof of the one tends to establish the other" (italics ours); and this decision then points out certain exceptions to the general rule, among them being when the extraneous crime tends to prove malice, intent, motive, or the like, if such an element enters into the offense charged. It is under this exception to the general rule that the Court of Appeals has held that the six other convictions of the defendant of the crimes of attempt to commit burglary and of burglary were admissible for the purpose of showing an intent to steal on the part of the defendant on the occasion under investigation, since the intent to steal is an essential element of the crime of burglary. For a statement of various exceptions to the general rule and an exhaustive citation of authorities bearing thereon see the dissenting opinion of Judge Townsend in Hodges v. State, 85 Ga. App. 617, 622 ( 70 S.E.2d 48).
We cannot agree with the conclusions reached in the majority opinion of the Court of Appeals in the instant case. While the other offenses shown by the evidence objected to were of the same sort as the one for which the defendant was on trial, this did not render the evidence admissible, for they were wholly independent, separate, and distinct. Williams v. State, 152 Ga. 498 (supra). There was absolutely no logical connection between them and the case on trial, as required by the decision in the Cox case, ( 165 Ga. 145), supra, before such evidence would be admissible for the purpose of showing intent. See also Mims v. State, 207 Ga. 118 ( 60 S.E.2d 373); Henderson v. State, 209 Ga. 72, 76 ( 70 S.E.2d 713). As pointed out in the dissenting opinion by Judge Townsend ( Bacon v. State, 85 Ga. App. 630, 640, supra), criminal intent is an essential element in every crime where criminal negligence is not involved (Code, § 26-201); and to hold, as the majority opinion of the Court of Appeals in this case does, that evidence of other offenses is always admissible to show intent, whether or not there be any logical connection between them and the case on trial, would be to abolish the general rule, and to establish the exception as the general rule without any exception thereto. An intent to steal is not necessarily involved in every crime of burglary, for burglary may be committed by the breaking and entering into certain described buildings with intent to commit a felony. Code, § 26-2401. If evidence of other offenses by the defendant were admissible generally to show intent, then when he is charged with the offense of burglary with intent to commit a felony, any evidence of any other felony committed by the defendant would be admissible for the purpose of showing intent to commit a felony. This, too, would result in abolishing the general rule as to the admission of such evidence, and set up as the general rule what has heretofore been regarded as an exception to the general rule.
While Mr. Chief Justice Russell, in Green v. State, 172 Ga. 635, 640 (supra), pointed out that "the rule that the character of a defendant in a criminal case can not be put in issue or attacked has been gradually chiseled away and finally located in the shadow of other principles, . . and while the principle still lives in theory as a memory of the past, it is of little practical effect in the actual trial of cases," the rule referred to is still in the Code (§ 38-202), and the appellate courts are without power to repeal it or destroy it by chiseling it away, which would be the result if the present decision of the Court of Appeals should stand. The second division of the opinion and judgment of affirmance by the majority of the Court of Appeals as rendered is not only in conflict with the decisions of this court hereinbefore cited and referred to, but also in conflict with its own decisions in Robinson v. State, 62 Ga. App. 355 ( 7 S.E.2d 758), Palmer v. State, 75 Ga. App. 789 ( 44 S.E.2d 567), Wright v. State, 76 Ga. App. 483, 488 ( 46 S.E.2d 516), and Chambers v. State, 76 Ga. App. 269, 270 ( 45 S.E.2d 724), and is therefore reversed.
Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur, except Atkinson, P.J., not participating.