OPINION OF THE COURT

VAN DUSEN, Circuit Judge.

This is an appeal from a district court judgment entered July 7, 1975, confirming a decision rendered by arbitrators of the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE"). The principal question involves the applicability and validity of an Exchange arbitration rule in the context of a dispute arising under § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder. For the reasons set forth below, we vacate the judgment of the district court and remand for further proceedings.

During a period from 1945-1970, plaintiff-appellant, Percy D. Ayres, was employed as a registered representative or "account executive" with the firm of Merill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner Smith, Inc., a well-known broker-dealer. Through various stock purchases and stock dividends, Ayres became the owner of 8,000 shares of Merrill Lynch common stock. In connection with his original and subsequent purchases, Ayres entered into agreements with Merrill Lynch which, inter alia, gave Merrill Lynch an option, exercisable for any reason on 90 days' notice, to repurchase all or any part of such stock held by Ayres. Merrill Lynch stock was not publicly owned during the period, and Ayres was permitted to own the stock solely because of his status as an employee.

The complaint alleged that, in the spring of 1970, Merrill Lynch began actively to explore the possibility of making a public offering of its stock. By July, the corporation's management had made an initial decision to go public and was taking preliminary steps towards accomplishing that goal. During the late summer, Ayres, who was ignorant of the planned offering which has not been publicly announced and who was under the impression that he would be permitted to retain his 8,000 shares of stock, advised Merrill Lynch of his intention to retire on October 1, 1970.

Advised by a fellow employee of the possibility that Merrill lynch would exercise its 90-day option upon his retirement, ayres approached a Merrill Lynch vice president to inquire about the firm's plans. The vice president told Ayres that he would take up the matter with the corporation's executives in New York and subsequently reported that Ayres would, in fact, be required to sell his stock if he chose to retire. Neither the vice president with whom Ayres spoke nor another representative of Merrill Lynch informed Ayres of the prospective public offering. Unaware of the firm's plans, Ayres decided, on the basis of available information, to retire and thus to sell his 8,000 shares. Merrill Lynch subsequently purchased Ayres' stock for $209,064.

Asserting that Merrill Lynch had "wrongfully concealed" material non-public information in connection with the purchase and sale of securities, in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b) and 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5, Ayres commenced this action on December 13, 1971, seeking decision of the sale and/or damages. The theory of Ayres' complaint, which alleged violation of the anti-fraud provisions of the Securities Exchange Act and of state law, was that (1) in the absence of his voluntary retirement, Merrill Lynch would not have exercised its repurchase option, and (2) if he had known of the information Merrill Lynch "concealed," he would have chosen not to trigger the sale by postponing his retirement.

Defendant Merrill Lynch responded to the complaint by moving, pursuant to § 3 of the United States Arbitration Act 99 U.S.C. § 3, for a stay of proceedings pending arbitration; Specifically, Merrill Lynch, a member firm of the NYSE, asserted that the dispute was "[a]ny controversy . . arising out of [Ayres'] employment or termination of employment' and was, therefore, subject to compulsory arbitration under Stock Exchange Rule 347(b) by which both Ayres and Merrill Lynch had agreed to be bound when Ayres became a registered representative in 1945. In answer to the argument that agreements to arbitrate future federal securities controversies are "void" under the anti-waiver provision of the Securities Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78cc(a) and Wilko v. Swan, 346 U.S. 427, 74 S.Ct. 182, 98 L.Ed. 168 (1953), Merrill Lynch contended that Exchange Rule 347(b) fell within the compass of § 28(b), which exempts, inter alia, certain stock exchange "action" from the invalidating effect of the anti-waive provision. See 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(b).

The district court agreed without Merrill Lynch's contentions that Exchange Rule 347(b) was applicable on its face and was exempt from the anti-waiver provision of the Act. Accordingly by opinion and order dated January 19, 1973, the court stayed all proceeding pending arbitrating. The arbitrators, without station reasons, subsequently rendered a decision adverse to Ayres on all claims, and the district court confirmed this decision in a final judgment entered July 7, 1975. This timely appeal followed.

In our view, the primary question presented by this appeal concerns the district court's conclusion that the arbitration agreement embodied in Exchange Rule 347(b) governs this controversy. That Rule provides:

"Any controversy between a registered representative and any . . . member organization arising out of the employment or termination of employment of such registered representative by and with such . . . member organization shall be settled by arbitration, at the instance of any such party, in accordance with the arbitration procedure described elsewhere in these rules."

Acknowledging that the present controversy "dopes not clearly and squarely relate to the business function and commercial transaction normally engaged in by a registered representative of the Exchange in the performance of his prescribed duties," the district court nevertheless concluded that the dispute in this case was "any controversy . . . arising out of [Ayres'] employment or termination of employment" with Merrill Lynch and hence fell within the purview of Exchange Rule 347(b). The exclusive basis for this determination was the fact that Ayres was initially permitted to purchases Merrill Lynch stock solely because of his status as an employee. Ayres v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner Smith, supra, 353 F. Supp. at 1087, 1091.

Although we find the question not free from doubt, we do not think that Exchange Rule 347(b) was intended to cover a controversy that has a causal connection to the fact of employment as remote as that involved in this dispute. All of the cases that haves applied Exchange Rule 347(b) concerned the terms of the consensual relationship between registered representatives and Exchange members and the respective rights and duties of the parties as employer and employee. While we have no occasion to mark the bounds of Exchange Rule 347(b), we believe the Rule was primarily designed to cover such disputes and that the present controversy falls outside the perimeter of the rule.

In our view, the dispute here has its primary genesis in an alleged securities fraud and concerns Ayres' rights under federal and state securities laws as a stockholder and as a seller of securities. It does not center on Ayres' rights as a former employee under any consensual arrangements relating to the terms and conditions of his employment or termination. Although, in a purely factual sense, the claims are connected with the termination of employment, the legal rights being asserted have a source wholly independent of the employment relationship. Arbitration is a matter of contract, and we do not think Ayres can reasonably be understood to have waived his right to judicial trial of such claims.

The Supreme Court has characterized Exchange Rule 347(b) as relation to the "exchange's housekeeping affairs" and has suggested it deals primarily with "the area of wage claims." Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner Smith, v. Ware, 414 U.S. 117, 136, 94 S.Ct. 383, 38 L.Ed.2d 348 (1973). To conclude that the Rule applied under the unusual circumstances of this case would be, in our view, to stretch the Rule well beyond those goals. Here the arbitrators would be called upon to apply legal precepts whose importance transcends the Exchange's interests in self-governance and to draw upon far more than the specialized knowledge of industry needs and practices that makes arbitration appropriate when the terms and conditions of the employment relationship are at issue. Cf. Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co., 415 U.S. 36, 56-57, 94 S.Ct. 1011, 39 L.Ed. 2d 147 (1974). Moreover, the Securities and Exchange Commission, which now has jurisdiction to amend, modify or repeal any Exchange rule, oppose any construction which would make Exchange Rule 9347(b) applicable under the circumstances of this case. See 15 U.S.C. § 78s(b). Compare Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner Smith v. Ware, supra, 414 U.S. at 129-131, 94 S.Ct. 383. See page 538 below.

Our conclusion that Exchange Rule 347(b) is inapplicable here is buttressed by than fact that even if Exchange Rule 347(b) was intended to govern controversies such as this, we believe it would, any event, be unenforceable and invalid as applied to this case. In Wilko v. Swan, 346 U.S. 427. 74 S.Ct. 182, 98 L.Ed. 168 (1953), the Supreme Court held that the anti-waiver provision of the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. § 77n, which is almost identical to § 29(a) of the 1934 Act, 15 U.S.C. § 78cc(a), rendered "void" a prospective agreement between a brokerage firm and a customer which would have required arbitration of the customer's claim under § 12(2) of the 1933 Act. We need not review here the fundamental and important differences between litigation in a court and arbitration. It is enough to say that the Supreme Court found prospective waivers of the right to judicial trial and review to be inconsistent with Congress' overriding concern for the protection of investors. Wilko v. Swan, supra, 346 U.S. at 437, 74 S.Ct. 182; see Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co., 417 U.S. 506, 512, 94 S.Ct. 2449, 41 L.Ed.2d 270 (1974). As Merrill Lynch points out, a "colorable argument can be made" that Wilko v. Swan should not apply to arbitration of judicially implied cause of action under the 1934 Act. We are not, however, persuaded that either the differences between the rights granted in the 1933 and 1934 Acts or any consideration of policy warrant such distinction. And we note that Congress appears to have accepted the view that Wilko v. Swan applies in the 10b-5 context. Cf. H.R.Rep. No. 94-229, 94th Cong., 1st Sess., at 111 (1975), U.S. Code Cong. Admin. News 1975, p. 321.

Merrill Lynch contends that the anti-waiver provision of the Securities Exchange Act and the policy considerations articulated in Wilko are inapplicable here because Ayres' complaint fails to state a claim for relief under the Act. Relaying on Ryan v. J. Walter Thompson Co., 453 F.2d 444 (2d Cir. 1971) (per curiam), cert. denied, 406 U.S. 907, 92 S.Ct. 1611, 31 L.Ed.2d 817 (1972), Merrill Lynch argues that the facts it failed to disclose concerning the planned public offering were not "material" from Ayres" standpoint because "regardless of what he knew or did not know," Ayres was, in any event, contractually obligated under the 90-day option agreement to sell his Merrill Lynch stock. See Ryan v. J. Walter Thompson, supra, 452 F.2d at 447. We disagree.

In Ryan, the plaintiff brought a 10b-5 action against his former employer which had exercised it contractual option to purchase his stock but had not informed him of its plans to go public. Because Ryan's sale was totally involuntary from his own point of view, the court concluded that the undisclosed facts were not material. In the present case, this critical elements of lack of choice on the plaintiff's part is lacking. According to the complaint, Ayres' voluntary decision to retire was also a voluntary decision toll. The complaint alleges that Ayres could and would have elected not to retire and not to sell his stock has he know of Merrill Lynch's plans. More significantly, before discussing the merits of the 10b-5 claim, the Ryan court noted its agreement with the district court's holding on summary judgment, that the repurchase option in that case was valid under New York law. Here, in contrast, the district court has made no such determination. Without intending to finally determine an issue on which the trial judge has yet to express a view, we note that arguments can be made that Merrill Lynch's option agreement, as exercised in this case, was invalid under either federal or state law and that the information Merrill Lynch failed to disclose was therefore material. See St. Louis Union Trust Co. v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner Smith, Inc., supra note 3, at 20-28. Under these circumstances we believe the policies underlying Wilko v. Swan are fully applicable.

Merrill Lynch also argues that § 28(b) of the Securities Exchange Act exempts Exchange Rule 347(b) from the invalidating effect of the anti-waiver provision of the Act. As amended, § 28(b) provides:

"Nothing in this title shall be construed to modify existent law with regard to the binding effect (1) on any member of or participant in any self-regulatory organization of any action taken by the authorities of such organization to settle disputes between its members of participants, . . . or (3) of any action described in paragraph (1) . . . on any person who has agreed to be bound thereby."

Merrill Lynch argues that § 28(b)(3) operates to preserve the "binding effect" on Ayres of Exchange Rule 347(b). In their view, promulgation of Exchange Rule 347(b) constituted the type of "action" contemplated by the statute and Ayres is a "person who has agreed to be bound thereby."

We agree with Merrill Lynch that the term "action taken by the authorities . . . to settle disputes between members or participants" includes Exchange "action" in prescribing compulsory arbitration rules and is not limited to the actions of Exchange arbitrators in settling preexisting disputes. See Axelrod Co. v. kordich, Victor Neufeld, 451 F.2d 838, 841 (2d Cir 1971); Brown v. Gilligna, Will Co., 287 F. Supp. 766, 774 n. 18 (S.D.N.Y 1968); 15 U.S.C. § 78c(3)(26) (Supp. I 1976). But the mere fact that Ayres agreed to be bound by Exchange Rule 347(b) is not enough to bring that Rule within the exempting provision of § 28(b). Under the plain language of the state, Exchange "action . . . to settle disputes between members of participants" (emphasis added) is a prerequisite to application of § 28(b). Here that ingredient is missing. Exchange Rule 347(b) addresses controversies between registered representatives and member firms, not "disputes between members of participants." And it is undisputed that Ayres is not and has never been a "member of or participant in any self-regulatory organization." for purposes of § 28(b).

Our construction of § 28(b) is mandated by the plain and unambiguous language of the statute. It is, as well, the interpretation suggested by the Securities and Exchange Commission, which has appeared in this case as amicus curiae. As the agency charged with the duty of administering the Securities Exchange Act and of supervising the stock exchanges' regulatory procedures, its view is to be given consideration. See, e. g., Saxbe v. Bustos, 419 U.S. 65, 74, 95 S.Ct. 272, 42 L.Ed.2d 321 (1974).

The only case show holding is arguably inconsistent with the view we have taken is Axelrod Co. v. Kordich, Victor Neufeld, 451 F.2d 838 (2d Cir. 1971). But see Newman v. Shearson, Hammill Co., 388 F. Supp. 265 (W.D.Tex. 1974). But the court ion Axelrod did not discuss the question of whether § 28(b) was limited to "disputed between members' and decided the question sub silentio, without apparent recognition of the problem. Moreover, Axelrod is distinguishable on both factual and policy ground. See Newman v. Shearson, Hammill Co., supra, 383 F. Supp. at 368-69.

For all of the foregoing reasons, including our view of the applicable federal policies, we conclude that Exchange Rule 347(b) did not require arbitration of the present controversy. Accordingly, we vacate the July 7, 1975, judgment and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

STERN, District Judge (dissenting).

Percy Ayres became a registered representative with Merrill Lynch in 1945. For the next 25 years he worked as a professional dealer in securities. At the time he was hired, he agreed to submit to the jurisdiction of the New York Stock Exchange and to be bound by the rules of the Exchange and all amendments thereto. He reaffirmed that agreement in 1961, when he applied for Exchange approval to become the holder for Merrill Lynch non-voting common stock. Ayres purchased a total of 2,000 shares of Merrill Lynch in two separate transactions ion January 1962 and December 1964. The total purchase price was $49,741.50. With each purchase Ayres executed a Stock Subscription Agreement under which Merrill Lynch reserved the absolute right at any time to repurchase any or all of Ayres' stock on 90-days' notice. As the majority notes, ante at 533, the option to repurchase was exercisable for any reason. Over the years Ayres' stock, split several times, and on the date of his retirement he held 8,000 shares. Merrill Lynch exercised its repurchase option when Ayres retired on or about October 1, 1970, and required Ayres to sell his stock to Merrill Lynch for $209,064.00.

The gravamen of Ayres' claim is his allegation that Merrill Lynch withheld from him the information that it was planning to go public. Ayres contends that if the corporation had informed him of the upcoming public offering he would have decided not to retire in the hope of realizing still greater appreciation of his stock. He claims that his decision not to retire would have caused Merrill Lynch not to exercise its admittedly absolute and unqualified right too repurchase. Thus, according to Ayres, Merrill Lynch withheld form him material information in connection with his sole of stock to Merrill Lynch, in violation of Rule 10b-5.

I am unable to concur in the Court's opinion. I cannot agree that this compliant states a claim under Rule 10b-5, and I therefore find the Court's analysis of Wilko v. Swan, 346 U.S. 427, 74 S.Ct. 182, 98 L.Ed. 168 (1953), inapplicable.

Congress intended, in enacting section 10(b), "to eliminate deceptive and unfair practices in security trading and to protect the public from inaccurate, incomplete and misleading information. The thrust of the Act and the decisions interpreting it is to give the investing public to opportunity to make knowing and intelligent decisions regarding the purchases or sale of securities." Kahan v. Rosenstiel, 424 F.2d 161, 173 (3rd Cir. 1970). Cf. Ernst Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185. 96 S.Ct. 1375, 47 L.Ed.2d 668, 44 U.S.L.W. 4451, 4454 (1976). This Court held in Rochez Bros., Inc. v. Rhoades, 491 F.2d 402, 408 (3rd Cir. 1974):

The test of the materiality of undisclosed of misrepresented facts is basically an objective one — i.e., whether "a reasonable man would attach important [to them] in determining his choice of action in the transaction in question." List v. Fashion Park, Inc., 340 F.2d 457 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 382 U.S. 811 [86 S.Ct. 23, 15 L.Ed.2d 60] (1965).

The majority properly observes, ante at 537, n. 13, that no information can be material to the exercise of a party's choice of action if that party has no choice to make. It is the majority view, however, that "this critical element of lack of choice on the plaintiff's part is lacking" here. Ante, at 537. I cannot join in this assertion; No party contends that Merrill Lynch had anything less than an unfettered right to require Ayres to sell his stock at any time on 90-days' notice. He had no right to refuse to sell. Merrill Lynch had an unconditional contractual right to buy at any time on any reason. Thus, Ayres had no "choice of action' with regard to the sale of his stock to Merrill Lynch. I fail to see how he could have a right to any information before the sale, or how he could be prejudiced by the lack of such information.

To the extent that Ayres had any choice to make, it was not a decision to sell securities. The decision was whether to retire or not. This decision, and this alone, was what would have been influenced by the information which Ayres claims was withheld by Merrill Lynch. See Blue Chip Stamps v. Manor Drug Stores, 421 U.S. 7823, 95 S.Ct. 1917, 44 L.Ed.2d 539 (1975); Landy v. FDIC, 486 F.2d 139 (3rd Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 960, 94 S.Ct. 1979, 40 L.Ed.2d 312 (1974). In my view any controversy concerning this decision is one "arising out of the employment or termination of employment" of Ayres with Merrill Lynch, and is governed by Exchange Rule 347(b).

The assertion in the complaint that Ayres' decision to retire amounted to a decision to sell his stock, because if influenced Merrill Lynch's decision to exercise its option to repurchase, is well answered by the Second Circuit's opinion in Ryan v. J. Walter Thompson Co., 543 F.2d 444 (2d Cir. 1971), cert. denied, 406 U.S. 907, 92 S.Ct. 1611, 31 L.Ed.2d 817 (1972). In that case the court began with an observation equally apposite here:

This case is another example of a trend we have observed with disturbing frequency, namely, the invocation of the salutary anti-fraud provisions of the federal securities laws in cases where those provisions are wholly inappropriate and wide of the Congressional mark.

453 F.2d at 445.

The court held that an employee-stockholder's lack of knowledge of his company's plans to go public under circumstances similar to those before us, could afford him no basis for relief under Rule 10b-5:

With respect to the Rule 1-b-56 claims, the District Court held that, since Ryan was obligated to sell his shares to JWT in January 1969, whatever he knew or did not know regarding JWT's plans to go public was irrelevant. We agree. See Fershtman v. Schectman, 450 F.2d 1357, 1350 (2d Cir. 1971).

452 F.2d at 447.

Under the facts alleged ion this complaint, I would apply the Ryan rule and affirm.

For the foregoing reasons, respectfully dissent.