Opinion
Docket No. 168022.
Submitted December 5, 1995, at Lansing.
Decided August 20, 1996, at 9:00 A.M. Leave to appeal sought.
Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, and Stephen F. Schuesler, Assistant Attorney General, for the plaintiff.
Dykema Gossett PLLC (by Suzanne Sahakian), for the defendant.
The Department of Natural Resources assumed responsibility for the cleanup and site restoration of several illegally abandoned oil wells and sought reimbursement from the well operators' surety, the Oil Gas Insurance Company (OGIC). However, the OGIC proved insolvent and was liquidated by order of an Ohio court. Thereafter, the Attorney General, on behalf of the DNR, instituted this suit to have the claims against the insolvent OGIC paid by defendant. Both parties filed cross motions for summary disposition. The trial court denied plaintiffs motion and granted defendant's motion. We affirm.
Defendant was created pursuant to the Property and Casualty Guaranty Association Act, MCL 500.7901 et seq.; MSA 24.17901 et seq., in order to guarantee claims made against insolvent insurance companies in Michigan. The OGIC was a member of defendant. In correspondence, defendant admitted that plaintiff's claims fell under the general definition of "covered claims" found in MCL 500.7925; MSA 24.17925. The controversy in this appeal centers on whether MCL 500.7925(3); MSA 24.17925(3) provided an exception that operated to exclude plaintiff's claims. That subsection provides:
Covered claims shall not include obligations to an insurer, insurance pool, underwriting association, or to a person who has a net worth greater than 1/10 of 1% of the aggregate premiums written by member insurers in this state in the preceding calendar year.
I
The first question is whether the State of Michigan is a "person" for purposes of this subsection. Plaintiff argues that because the Legislature did not specifically define "person" to include the state, the state should be excluded. We disagree.
Statutory interpretation is a question of law that this Court reviews de novo. In re Lafayette Towers, 200 Mich. App. 269, 273; 503 N.W.2d 740 (1993). The cardinal rule of statutory construction is to identify and to give effect to the intent of the Legislature. Turner v Auto Club Ins Ass'n, 448 Mich. 22, 27; 528 N.W.2d 681 (1995). The first step in ascertaining such intent is to focus on the language in the statute itself. Id. If the statutory language is certain and unambiguous, judicial construction is neither required nor permitted, and courts must apply the statute as written. Id.
Here, the Insurance Code defines a "person" as "an individual, insurer, company, association, organization, Lloyds, society, reciprocal or inter-insurance exchange, partnership, syndicate, business trust, corporation, and any other legal entity." MCL 500.114; MSA 24.1114. Although the Insurance Code does not define "legal entity," Black's Law Dictionary (5th ed), p 804, defines that term as "[a]n entity, other than a natural person, who has sufficient existence in legal contemplation that it can function legally, be sued or sue and make decisions through agents as in the case of corporations." Certainly, the State of Michigan functions legally, can sue and be sued, and makes decisions through its agents. Accordingly, Michigan is included within the definition of person as "any other legal entity." Oakland Co Rd Comm v Michigan Property Casualty Guaranty Ass'n, 217 Mich. App. 154; 550 N.W.2d 856 (1996); see Georgia Insurers Insolvency Pool v Elbert Co, 258 Ga. 317, 318; 368 S.E.2d 500 (1988).
This interpretation is consistent with another chapter of the Michigan Insurance Code. The Legislature defined "insurer" in MCL 500.106; MSA 24.1106 as "any individual, corporation, association . . . and any other legal entity, engaged or attempting to engage in the business of making insurance or surety contracts." Then, in MCL 500.1301(a); MSA 24.11301(a), for purposes of the Insurance Code chapter involving holding companies, the Legislature incorporated the definition of "insurer" from § 106, but stated that the definition does not include "a state or political subdivisions of a state." This indicates that the Legislature believed that the state could be considered "any other legal entity" as defined in § 106 despite not being specifically mentioned in the general definition.
Sections 106 and 114 are part of the same chapter of the Insurance Code and should be read in pari materia. The object of the in pari materia rule of statutory construction is to carry into effect the purpose of the Legislature as found in harmonious statutes regarding a subject. Skene v Fileccia, 213 Mich. App. 1, 5; 539 N.W.2d 531 (1995). As with § 106, the state should be considered as "any other legal entity" for purposes of § 114 despite not being mentioned in the general definition. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in considering the State of Michigan to be a "person" for purposes of interpreting MCL 500.7925(3); MSA 24.17925(3).
II
The second issue is whether the State of Michigan can be said to possess a "net worth." Plaintiff argues that this term is reserved for accounting in the private sector. We disagree.
It is consistent with the purpose of the "net worth exception" to apply it to governmental entities. The purpose of Michigan's net worth exception is to prevent payment of guaranty association funds to those that are relatively able to bear the loss when an insurer becomes insolvent. See Borman's, Inc v Michigan Property Casualty Guaranty Ass'n, 925 F.2d 160, 162 (CA 6, 1991). Net worth is used as an estimate of wealth and thus of the ability to absorb a loss. Id., p 163. Because the State of Michigan is more able to bear financial loss than most individuals or small corporations, it is consistent with the purpose of the exception to apply it to the State of Michigan. Indeed, this Court held in Oakland Co Rd Comm, supra, p 161, that the plaintiff governmental entity had failed to rebut the defendant's proof that the plaintiff had a calculable net worth.
The fact that some foreign courts have stated that the concept of net worth does not usually apply to governmental entities does not mean that the concept can not apply. Rather, the concept has been applied to governmental entities. Georgia has a "net worth exception" that is almost identical to the Michigan one. See Georgia Insurers Insolvency Pool, supra, p 317. Because the parties in Georgia Insurers had stipulated the county's net worth, the Georgia Supreme Court did not directly address the application of "net worth" to a governmental entity. Id., p 318. However, the court did apply the concept to a county without comment. Id.
See City of Brunswick v United States, 849 F.2d 501, 503 (CA 11, 1988); Citizens Council of Delaware Co v Brinegar, 741 F.2d 584, 589 (CA 3, 1984).
Similarly, in United States v Rutland, Inc, 849 F. Supp. 806, 810 (SD Ga, 1994), aff'd 46 F.3d 71 (CA 11, 1995), the trial court took judicial notice that the net worth of the United States exceeded $3 million. Finally, in a 1985 amendment of the Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), 28 U.S.C. § 2412, Congress provided that a "unit of local government, . . . the net worth of which exceeds $7,000,000 at the time the civil action was filed" could recover attorney fees under the EAJA. City of Brunswick v United States, 849 F.2d 501, 502 (CA 11, 1988). Pursuant to this statute, the same court that stated that "the term `net worth' generally is not used in reference to the financial status of a municipality" nevertheless applied the term to a municipality. Id., p 503.
The trial court did not err in holding that the concept of net worth applies to a governmental entity such as the State of Michigan.
III
Finally, it must be determined whether Michigan's net worth exceeded the cutoff provided by the exception. It was not disputed that the aggregate premiums written by member insurers in 1989, the relevant calendar year, totaled $7,895,198,000. Accordingly, the statutory net worth cutoff was $7,895,198. MCL 500.7925(3); MSA 24.17925(3).
A person's "net worth" is the remainder that is left after liabilities are deducted from assets. Black's Law Dictionary (5th ed), p 939; Borman's, supra, p 161. Defendant's affiant used this definition to calculate that Michigan's net worth as of September 30, 1989, was $886,688,000. Although plaintiff disputed that number, no evidence was presented that Michigan's net worth was less than $7.9 million. Accordingly, plaintiff did not satisfy his burden under MCR 2.116(G)(4) to set forth specific facts to show that there is a genuine issue for trial. Patterson v Kleiman, 447 Mich. 429, 432; 526 N.W.2d 879 (1994); Oakland Co Rd Comm, supra, p 161. Defendant was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Bourne v Farmer's Ins Exchange, 449 Mich. 193, 197; 534 N.W.2d 491 (1995).
Affirmed.
MCDONALD, P.J., concurred.
I respectfully dissent.
I agree that the State of Michigan is a "person" for purposes of the Michigan Insurance Code, MCL 500.114; MSA 24.1114.
However, in the absence of any legislative history addressing whether the Legislature intended to include governmental entities within the scope of the "net worth exception" of the Property and Casualty Guaranty Association Act, MCL 500.7925(3); MSA 24.17925(3), I would hold this exception inapplicable to the Department of Natural Resources and would determine defendant liable for the amounts of the bonds, because the claims are "covered claims" under MCL 500.7925; MSA 24.17925.
Reliance on Georgia — the only other state having a "net worth exception" in their insurance guaranty act — is unavailing. The Georgia Supreme Court did not address the application of "net worth" to a governmental entity. Rather, that court summarily assumed that "net worth" had relevance because the parties there stipulated its existence. Georgia Insurers Insolvency Pool v Elbert Co, 258 Ga. 317; 368 S.E.2d 500(1988).
So too, in United States v Rutland, Inc, 849 F. Supp. 806 (SD Ga, 1994), aff'd 46 F.3d 71 (CA 11, 1995), the federal district court merely took judicial notice of the existence of a net worth for the United States at the time of the insured event.
In City of Brunswick v United States, 849 F.2d 501 (CA 11, 1988), unlike the legislative silence here, Congress made the term "net worth" applicable to local governments by an explicit statutory provision.
Clearly, the purpose of the "net worth exception" is to prevent payment of guaranty association funds to those relatively able to bear the loss when an insurer becomes insolvent. Borman's, Inc v Michigan Property Casualty Guaranty Ass'n, 925 F.2d 160 (CA 6, 1991). In the context of this case the question is clear: who will absorb the loss created by the insolvency of the surety for several oil prospectors.
The answer is likewise plain. Given the rule of statutory construction that insurance laws are to be construed in favor of the insured and the public, Yetzke v Fausak, 194 Mich. App. 414; 488 N.W.2d 222 (1992), legislative silence here is not a mandate for the public to pick up the tab. The burden justifiably falls to the defendant, an association of insurers created for the public benefit.
In the face of obvious ambiguity regarding the application of the term "net worth" to a governmental entity, I would hold that the term was not intended to apply to the State of Michigan. Accordingly, I would reverse the grant of summary disposition in favor of defendant and grant summary disposition in favor of plaintiff.