Summary
finding that because a party “did not raise its Equal Protection Clause argument until its appeal to the circuit court ... under the Hamilton rule, it is barred from arguing that issue now.”
Summary of this case from Sparkman Learning Ctr. v. Ark. Dep't of Human Servs.Opinion
97-259
Opinion delivered January 22, 1998
1. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES SHOULD FIRST BE RAISED AT COMMISSION LEVEL — EXHAUSTIVE ANALYSIS BEST ACCOMPLISHED BY ADVISORY PROCEEDING. — Even though an administrative commission may not have the authority to declare statutes unconstitutional, such constitutional issues should first be raised at the administrative law judge or commission level because they often require an exhaustive analysis that is best accomplished by an adversary proceeding that can be done only at the hearing level; requiring constitutional issues to be considered by a commission can assure that such issues will be thoroughly developed before an appellate court is asked to rule on a statute's validity. 2. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — EQUAL PROTECTION ARGUMENT NOT RAISED UNTIL APPEAL TO CIRCUIT COURT — ISSUE BARRED. — Where appellee did not raise its equal protection argument until its appeal to circuit court, it was barred from arguing that issue on appeal to the supreme court. 3. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — TREATING DIFFERENT NURSING-HOME APPLICANTS DIFFERENTLY DOES NOT PROVE DENIAL OF EQUAL PROTECTION. — Establishing that different nursing-home applicants are treated differently does not prove the denial of equal protection. 4. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — REVIEW DIRECTED TO AGENCY AND COMMISSION DECISIONS — ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES BETTER ABLE TO DETERMINE AND ANALYZE DECISIONS AFFECTING THEIR AGENCIES. — Supreme court review is not directed toward the circuit court but toward the agency and commission decisions, based on the recognition that administrative agencies are better equipped by specialization, insight through experience, and more flexible procedures than courts to determine and analyze legal issues affecting their agencies. 5. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — NURSING HOME APPLICATION — APPELLEE ARGUED OCCUPANCY-RATE DETERMINATIONS ERRONEOUS — OCCUPANCY RATE REMAINED BELOW THAT REQUIRED. — At the Commission hearing, appellee suggested that the appellant's need and occupancy-rate determinations were erroneous; however, even with appellee's suggested corrections in the counting of beds, the occupancy rate remained 9.46% below the required occupancy rate. 6. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — APPELLEE ARGUED OCCUPANCY-RATE DETERMINATIONS ERRONEOUS — CALCULATION USED FOR COUNTY OCCUPANCY RATE — INCLUSION OF PRIVATE-PAY HOMES PROPER. — Where appellee argued that the 85.04% county occupancy rate should not have included private-pay homes because of their historically low occupancy rates and their ability to manipulate the rate, the supreme court found that the argument ignored testimony that Medicaid and private-pay beds are licensed by the same authority and have to meet the same standards, that private-pay beds have always been counted in health planning, and that counting private-pay homes would not prevent the county from reaching the agency's methodology occupancy rate of 94.5%. 7. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS — TELEPHONE-SURVEY INFORMATION CAN CONSTITUTE SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE — OBJECTIVE MEANS TO OBTAIN DATA FROM PRIVATE-PAY FACILITIES. — Telephone-survey information, and other similar data, can constitute substantial evidence in an administrative hearing; while such occupancy-rate data might be obtained in another manner, the use of a telephone survey is the only objective way for the agency to obtain such data from private-pay facilities. 8. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — NURSING-HOME APPLICATION — OCCUPANCY-RATE CALCULATIONS FOUND RELIABLE — APPELLEE AND TRIAL COURT IN ERROR. — Appellee's argument that appellant agency's occupancy-rate calculation of 85.04% was erroneously reached by using unreliable data that appellant obtained from a telephone survey of private-pay homes was without merit; this telephone data was considered reliable and therefore supported the agency's rate calculations. 9. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — NURSING-HOME APPLICATION — OCCUPANCY-RATE CALCULATION — FINDING THAT REQUIRED COUNTY OCCUPANCY RATE NOT SHOWN — SUPPORTED BY SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE. — The supreme court held that the evidence was more than substantial to uphold the Commission's occupancy-rate calculation of 85.04%, used to establish compliance with Ark. Code Ann. § 20-8-106(b)(1), and its finding that the required 94.5% county occupancy rate was not shown; the supreme court held that the record also sufficiently supported the agency's findings that appellee's proposed project was not economically feasible and did not foster cost containment as required under Ark. Code Ann. § 20-8-106(b)(3) and (4). 10. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — NURSING-HOME APPLICATION — ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE CONSIDERATION — APPELLEE'S PROFIT ESTIMATES UNREALISTICALLY OPTIMISTIC. — In addressing the "economically feasible" consideration of Ark. Code Ann. § 20-8-106(b), the agency's finding that appellee's profit estimates appeared unrealistically optimistic was supported by substantial evidence. 11. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — NURSING-HOME APPLICATION — APPELLEE'S PROPOSED FACILITY FAILED TO PROMOTE COST CONTAINMENT OR IMPROVE EFFICIENCY OR PRODUCTIVITY. — The agency's finding that appellee's proposed facility failed to promote cost containment or improve efficiency or productivity was found by the supreme court to have merit where appellee offered no evidence showing cost containment would result from its proposed project, there was testimony that appellee's land site was in an unincorporated area located three miles from the closest incorporated area, and municipal services such as for water, sanitation, fire protection, and ambulance needs were not readily available. 12. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — NURSING-HOME LICENSURE — APPELLANT'S METHODOLOGY NOT ARBITRARY — VALID REASONS EXIST FOR GIVING PREFERENCE TO ESTABLISHED NURSING HOMES. — Appellee's charge that appellant agency's methodology was arbitrary and appellee's charge that the agency's methodology arbitrarily favored established nursing homes by ranking nursing-home applicants was without merit; both the agency and Commission stated and gave valid reasons for providing a preference to established nursing homes, particularly those that offer excellent service. 13. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — AGENCY'S DECISION MUST BE AFFIRMED IF SUPPORTED BY SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE. — The supreme court must affirm an agency's decision if there is substantial evidence to support it, and in reviewing the record, the evidence is given its strongest probative force in favor of the agency's ruling. 14. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW PROCEDURE — SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTED COMMISSION'S DECISION — TRIAL COURT REVERSED AND REMANDED. — Where the supreme court was unable to say the evidence presented was not substantial or failed to support the Commission's decision, the court found that the trial court wrongly discounted and at times altogether dismissed the consideration of proper evidence presented to the Commission and erred in substituting its own judgment for that of the agency and Commission; the trial court's decision was reversed and remanded.
Appeal from Pulaski Circuit Court; Morris W. Thompson, Judge; reversed and remanded.
Winston Bryant, Att'y Gen., by: Vicki M. Pickering, Asst. Att'y Gen., for appellants.
Friday, Eldredge Clark, by: Bill S. Clark, for appellee.
Meeks Jernigan, P.A., by: George O. Jernigan, Jr., for intervenor-appellant.
In 1994, Desiderata filed an application with the Arkansas Health Services Agency, requesting a permit of approval for a new 70-bed nursing home to be constructed near Maumelle. Desiderata's application provided that the proposed home is intended to serve developmentally disabled and mentally retarded elderly persons, as well as those diagnosed with Alzheimers and HIV. Its application also proposed to serve members of what is referred to as the normal segment of the elderly community needing long-term care.
The Agency denied Desiderata's application, stating that the application failed to meet all of the required criteria under Ark. Code Ann. § 20-8-106(b) (Repl. 1991). Desiderata appealed the Agency decision to the Arkansas Health Services Commission, and after a public hearing on November 28, 1994, the Commission voted to affirm the Agency. Upon petitioning for judicial review, the trial court reversed the Commission's decision, and in doing so, held the methodology employed by the Agency and Commission was arbitrary and capricious and violated the Equal Protection Clause. The trial court further ruled the Commission's decision was not supported by substantial evidence. We hold the trial court erred.
The Commission without a hearing had adopted the Agency's ruling earlier on May 24, 1994, but the Commission reconsidered its decision upon Desiderata's request.
[1] We first mention our inability to reach, at least directly, the trial court's Equal Protection Clause ruling, because that constitutional issue was never raised before the Commission. In this respect, we cite the settled law in Hamilton v. Jeffrey Stone Co., 6 Ark. App. 333, 641 S.W.2d 723 (1982), where the court of appeals adopted the rule that, even though the Workers' Compensation Commission may not have the authority to declare statutes unconstitutional, such constitutional issues should first be raised at the Administrative Law Judge or Commission level because such issues often require an exhaustive analysis that is best accomplished by an adversary proceeding, which can be done only at the hearing level. The Hamilton court concluded that requiring constitutional issues to be considered by the Commission can assure such issues will be thoroughly developed before an appellate court is asked to rule on a statute's validity. The rule in Hamilton has been consistently followed by the court of appeals, see Green v. Smith Scott Logging, 54 Ark. App. 53, 54, 922 S.W.2d 746 (1996), and we believe the rule is a sound one and applicable here.
This court later held the court of appeals was obliged to decide the constitutional issues after the issues had been argued and briefed before the Commission and court of appeals. Hamilton v. Jeffrey Stone Co., 293 Ark. 499, 739 S.W.2d 161 (1987).
[2-4] Desiderata did not raise its Equal Protection Clause argument until its appeal to circuit court; thus, under the Hamilton rule, it is barred from arguing that issue now. However, even if Desiderata had raised equal protection as an argument at the administrative level, this court has held that establishing that different applicants are treated differently does not prove the denial of equal protection. Second Baptist Church v. Little Rock Historic Dist. Comm'n, 293 Ark. 155, 732 S.W.2d 483 (1987). And while Desiderata argues the Health Services Agency and Health Services Commission have failed to give a sufficient reason or rationale for treating established nursing homes more favorably than new ones, we disagree. However, for present-case analysis and decision making, the fundamental issues actually before us to be decided are (1) whether the Commission's methodology and actions were arbitrary and capricious, and (2) whether its decision is supported by substantial evidence. See Arkansas Dep't of Human Servs. v. Kistler, 320 Ark. 501, 898 S.W.2d 32 (1995). In this respect, our review is not directed toward the circuit court but toward the Agency and Commission decisions, recognizing that administrative agencies are better equipped by specialization, insight through experience, and more flexible procedures than courts to determine and analyze legal issues affecting their agencies. Id.
In the initial review of Desiderata's application, the Agency considered he four factors set out in § 20-8-106(b), which read as follows:
(1) Whether the proposed project is needed or projected as necessary to meet the needs of the locale or area in terms of the health care required for the population or geographic region;
(2) Whether the proposed project can be adequately staffed and operated when completed;
The Agency and Commission did not question Desiderata's ability to staff and operate its proposed facility, so only three of the four factors are in issue.
(3) Whether the proposed project is economically feasible; and
(4) Whether the project will foster cost containment through improved efficiency and productivity.
As related to factor (1), the Agency determined that its population-based methodology requires a "need" for additional beds and an "occupancy rate" for Pulaski County of at least 94.5% for the previous calendar year. The Agency found that Desiderata had not demonstrated a "need" in the county or shown that the occupancy rate was satisfied. Specifically, it found an excess of fifty-one beds over the county's need, and the county's occupancy rate fell short of the required 94.5% rate. Other concerns of the Agency listed under the "need" factor were that, for the calendar year used under its methodology policy, 389 beds were empty on any given day in the county, and that 222 approved but still unlicensed beds existed in the county. [5] At the Commission hearing, Desiderata did not suggest that the Agency's methodology policy be changed, but it did contend the Agency's need and occupancy-rate determinations were erroneous. Although Desiderata argues at length that the Agency Director, Orson Berry, had failed to account for some 94 beds in his calculation of bed needs, it concedes that it must also satisfy the methodology county occupancy rate of 94.5%. As a consequence, even with Desiderata's suggested corrections in the counting of beds, the Agency occupancy rate remained at 85.04%, or 9.46% below the required occupancy rate. Thus, the crux of Desiderata's argument turns on its contentions that the Agency and Commission erred in calculating the 85.04% rate figure for Pulaski County.
These additional findings were made since the Agency is not limited only to the four considerations named in § 20-8-106(b).
[6] In its brief, Desiderata points out that the 85.04% Pulaski County occupancy rate was calculated by including private-pay nursing homes and homes with Medicaid and Medicare residents. It argues that private-pay homes should not be included because of their historically low occupancy rates and their ability to manipulate the rate. The trial court agreed with Desiderata's argument, relying in part upon the testimony of Larry Taylor, a health planning consultant, who, among other things, said that if a private-pay nursing home wanted to change its method of marketing, that home could change its occupancy rate. However, in relying on this portion of Taylor's testimony, the trial court and Desiderata ignored other pertinent parts. For example, Taylor related that Medicaid and private-pay beds are licensed by the same authority and have to meet the same standards. He stated private-pay beds have always been counted in health planning in this state and others, and if you fail to do so, the state will immediately have "too many beds because anybody that wants to do private pay can just come in and start building nursing homes." Taylor disagreed, too, with Desiderata's speculation that, by counting private-pay homes, Pulaski County could never reach the Agency's methodology occupancy rate of 94.5%. Also significant, while Desiderata introduced evidence reflecting private-pay facilities in Pulaski County that have low occupancy rates, the same proof shows that five of those homes' rates had increased substantially over a three- or four-year period, and one of them reported an occupancy rate as high as 93.53%.
Desiderata further questions the accuracy of the Agency's occupancy-rate calculations, urging that the 85.04% figure was erroneously reached by using unreliable data that the Agency obtained from a telephone survey of the private-pay homes. In other words, while the Agency obtains occupancy-rate information for Medicaid-certified nursing homes from the Department of Human Services Office of Long-Term Care, it acquires such occupancy data from private-pay facilities by telephone survey. This telephone data, Desiderata contends, is unreliable and therefore fails to support the Agency's rate calculations. Desiderata and the trial court are wrong.
[7, 8] In Arkansas Health Planning Development Agency v. Hot Spring County Memorial Hospital, 291 Ark. 186, 723 S.W.2d 363 (1987), this court held that telephone survey information, and other like data, can constitute substantial evidence in an administrative hearing. And while such occupancy-rate data might be obtained in another manner, Taylor testified that the use of a telephone survey is the only objective way for the Agency to obtain such data from private-pay facilities. Other than Desiderata's attorney's opening statement before the Commission, Desiderata presented no evidence that questioned the accuracy of the Agency's data.
[9] From the foregoing, we conclude substantial evidence was more than ample to uphold the Commission's occupancy-rate calculation of 85.04% and its finding that the required 94.5% county occupancy rate was not shown. And while Desiderata does not appear to challenge the Agency's findings that Desiderata's proposed project was not economically feasible and did not foster cost containment as required under § 20-8-106(b)(3) and (4), we believe the record sufficiently supports those findings as well. [10] In addressing the "economically feasible" consideration, the Agency found Desiderata's profit estimates appeared unrealistically optimistic for several reasons. For instance, Trudy James, the Executive Director of the Regional AIDS Interfaith Network, RAIN-Arkansas, testified that it has been difficult to find nursing homes that would accept AIDS patients due to the fear of mixing AIDS patients with other patients. However, Dr. Carl Johnson, a member of the Commission and a physician who has worked with just such a mix, stated that a problem does exist when mixing or interacting AIDS patients with demented ones because of potential health and legal concerns if there ever was an interaction between the two. The Agency questioned whether a facility could attract private-pay patients who are financially able to pay more than Medicaid patients. Taylor further pointed out that Desiderata had not identified special staff personnel that would focus on the combined groups to be served, and that, in serving special groups, Desiderata had not shown a sufficient population in any of those groups to justify the existence or financial feasibility of a 70-bed nursing home. And finally, the Agency found that, because there presently existed 222 approved but unlicensed beds that have not, as yet, entered the market place, the Agency doubts the financial feasibility of a new nursing home.
[11] The final consideration was the Agency's finding that Desiderata's proposed facility failed to promote cost containment or improve efficiency or productivity. Desiderata offered no evidence showing cost containment would result from its proposed project. Taylor, however, testified Desiderata's land site was in an unincorporated area located three miles from Maumelle, and municipal services such as for water, sanitation, fire protection, and ambulance needs are not readily available. The Agency also opined that a county with low occupancy and 222 beds yet to enter the market place could not improve the efficiency or productivity of existing services.
In conclusion, we address Desiderata's charge that the Agency's methodology is arbitrary because an "established" nursing home that has an occupancy rate of 96% for the year can obtain up to 10% of their licensed capacity or an additional ten beds (whichever is greater) even though the county occupancy rate of 94.5% or a need is not shown. In short, Desiderata submits if no county need can be shown under the Agency's population-and-utilization-based methodology, then all applicant requests for new beds should be denied. As a part of the same argument, Desiderata also claims the Agency's methodology arbitrarily favors established nursing homes by ranking nursing home applicants as follows:
1. Applicants whose facility had a 96% occupancy rate or greater for the previous calendar year. These applicants would be eligible for 10% increase in their licensed capacity or 10 beds whichever is greater.
2. Applicants who propose to replace older facilities. These applicants would be eligible for a 20% increase in their licensed capacity.
3. Applicants who have a facility proposing to expand to 70 beds would be eligible to expand to 70 beds. Applicant facilities with less than 70 beds and more than 60 licensed beds would be eligible for a 10 bed increase.
Applicants qualifying under [1] who also propose to add more than 10% or 10 beds will have a preference (for up to 35 beds) over applicants proposing a new facility.
The Agency and Commission counter Desiderata's arguments, stating that there are valid reasons for providing a preference to established nursing homes. They offer, once again, Taylor's testimony to support their position. Taylor explained that there are counties in the state where there are only two nursing homes. He said that you may have one operator who provides excellent services and maintains a 96% occupancy, but the second one may offer very poor quality care, and have only a 60% occupancy rate. As a consequence, the county occupancy rate could never meet the established 94.5%. The Agency decided that, if a facility maintained a 96% occupancy rate for a year, it would enable that facility to expand in order to allow patients a choice of a better facility. Taylor added that the Agency had not acted arbitrarily in utilizing the 96% rule, since he knew of only one nursing home in Pualski County whose application had been approved under the rule.
[12] The Agency and Commission further justify the preference extended to existing facilities because the methodology fosters cost containment and aids in the control of spiralling health-care costs. They cite the case of Statewide Health Coordinating Council v. General Hospitals of Humana, Inc., 280 Ark. 443, 660 S.W.2d 906 (1983), a case involving prior law governing certificates of need to hospitals, where the court discussed the economic reasons for regulating the health industry. There the court noted that the policy of restricting hospital construction stems from the belief that competition among hospitals, unlike competition in the market place, does not reduce the cost of in-patient hospital services to the consuming public. Id. Based on this reasoning, the Agency and Commission maintain that the State's permit of approval requirement for the construction or expansion of nursing home facilities is based on the State's interest in controlling health-care costs and that the overbuilding of facilities can be responsible for high costs of medical services.
[13, 14] Although the trial court in its order expressly stated that it considered much of Taylor's testimony improper and the "need" evidence suspect and unreliable, we are unable to say the evidence set out and discussed hereinabove was not substantial or failed to support the Commission's decision. We are reminded that the rule is well settled that this court must affirm an agency's decision if there is substantial evidence to support it, and in reviewing the record, the evidence is given its strongest probative force in favor of the agency's ruling. Files v. Arkansas State Highway Transp. Dep't, 325 Ark. 291, 925 S.W.2d 404 (1996); Arkansas Dept. of Human Servs. v. Kistler, supra. Here, the trial court, we believe, wrongly discounted, and at times altogether dismissed the consideration of, proper evidence presented to the Commission, and erred in substituting its own judgment for that of the Agency and Commission. See Arkansas Contractors Licensing Bd. v. Butler Constr. Co., 295 Ark. 223, 748 S.W.2d 129 (1988). Consequently, we reverse and remand the trial court's decision.