Summary
categorizing previous version of RSA 508:4-b as statute of repose
Summary of this case from Big League Entertainment, Inc. v. Brox Industries, Inc.Opinion
No. 83-196
Decided March 2, 1984
1. Limitation of Actions — Statutes — Torts The supreme court held in Henderson Clay Prod's, Inc. v. Edgar Wood Assoc's, Inc., 122 N.H. 800 (1982), that the classifications created by the statute of limitations barring suits brought more than six years after the completion of the performance of architectural services violated the equal protection clauses of the United States and New Hampshire Constitutions. U.S. CONST. amend. XIV; N.H. CONST. pt. 1, arts. 1, 12; RSA 508:4-b.
2. Limitation of Actions — Statutes — Construction and Application In determining whether the statute of limitations barring suits brought more than six years after the completion of the performance of architectural services was void in its entirety, the supreme court must determine whether the unconstitutional provisions of the statute are so integral and essential in the general structure of the act that they may not be rejected without the result of an entire collapse and destruction of the structure. RSA 508:4-b.
3. Limitation of Actions — Statutes — Purpose The legislature enacted the statute of limitations barring suits brought more than six years after the completion of the performance of architectural services to limit the time within which suits for injuries resulting from imperfect design or improper construction could be brought against persons who per or furnished the design, planning, supervision or construction of an improvement of real property. RSA 508:4-b.
4. Limitation of Actions — Statutes — Torts The classification within the statute of limitations barring suits brought more than six years after the completion of the performance of architectural services, which relieved architects from liability six years after performance of their services, was held by the supreme court in Henderson Clay Prod's, Inc. v. Edgar Wood Assoc's, Inc., 122 N.H. 800 (1982), to be unconstitutionally discriminatory because it represented an unreasonable and arbitrary legislative classification favoring a particular class of defendants, and the supreme court held that these classifications were central to the legislature's purpose in enact the statute and that, therefore, the entire section must be deemed invalid since the fundamental structure of the statute had been affected by the finding of unconstitutionality. RSA 508:4-b.
5. Limitation of Actions — Discovery of Cause of Injury or Damage — Generally The supreme court held in Roberts v. Richards Sons, Inc., 113 N.H. 154 (1973), that an action for breach of contract, unlike a tort action, accrues when the breach occurs whether any damage then occurred or not.
6. Limitation of Actions — Discovery of Cause of Injury or Damage — Generally The "discovery rule" does not apply to actions based on breach of contract.
7. Limitation of Actions — Generally The determination of whether an action is a contract or a tort action is not controlled by the form of the action but by its substance.
8. Limitation of Actions — Discovery of Cause of Injury or Damage — Particular Cases Where plaintiff, a homeowner, brought an action against defendant, a contractor, in November 1982 which alleged a count of negligence seeking damages for the costs of remedying certain defects in her home, the construction of which had been completed in 1970, the supreme court found that the plaintiff was alleging, in substance, improper performance of a construction contract and that her cause of action accrued at the time of the breach, and held that the trial court correctly ordered that defendant's motion to dismiss on the ground that the suit was instituted more than six years after completion of the building in 1970 be granted. RSA 508:4.
Craig, Wenners McDowell P.A., of Manchester (Joseph F. McDowell, III, on the brief), by brief for the plaintiff.
Betley Betley, of Manchester (Joseph J. Betley on the brief), by brief for the defendant.
The principal issue in this appeal is whether the trial court erred in granting the defendant's motion to dismiss. We hold that the trial court properly granted the motion, and, therefore, affirm.
The plaintiff, Sophia Antoniou, a homeowner, commenced an action against the defendant, Theodore J. Kenick, the contractor who built the plaintiff's home. The plaintiff brought suit on a plea of assumpsit for breach of contract and on a plea of the case for negligence, seeking damages for the costs of remedying alleged excavation, design and construction defects in her home. The defendant moved to dismiss, alleging that the suit, brought in November 1982, was instituted more than six years after completion of the building in 1970. The Superior Court (Flynn, J.) granted the defendant's motion, and the plaintiff appealed.
The plaintiff first argues that under RSA 508:4-b the superior court should not have granted the motion to dismiss. That statute contains a six-year period of repose for actions seeking damages based on negligent design or construction of real property. The statute's second sentence avoids the statute of repose by providing:
"This limitation shall not apply to any person in actual possession and control, as owner, tenant or otherwise, of the improvement at the time the defective and unsafe condition of such improvement constitutes the proximate cause of the injury for which it is proposed to bring an action."
RSA 508:4-b. Pointing to this sentence in the statute, the plaintiff argues that the limitations in RSA 508:4-b do not apply to her since she owned the property at all times during which the defective and unsafe condition could have constituted the proximate cause of the damage.
Although the plaintiff's argument is in accord with our holding in Deschamps v. Camp Dresser McKee, Inc., 113 N.H. 344, 306 A.2d 771 (1973), we must consider whether RSA 508:4-b is void in its entirety in light of our holding in Henderson Clay Prod's, Inc v. Edgar Wood Assoc's, Inc., 122 N.H. 800, 451 A.2d 174 (1982).
[1, 2] In Henderson, we held that the classifications created by RSA 508:4-b violated the equal protection clauses of the New Hampshire Constitution, N.H. CONST. pt. I, arts. 1, 12, and the United States Constitution, U.S. CONST. amend. XIV. Id. at 802, 451 A.2d at 175. In that decision, we did not address the question whether the statute is void in its entirety. Consequently, we must now determine whether the unconstitutional provisions of the statute are "so integral and essential in the general structure of the act that they may not be rejected without the result of an entire collapse and destruction of the structure." Opinion of the Justice, 88 N.H. 484, 491, 190 A. 425, 430 (1937); Carson v. Maurer, 120 N.H. 925, 945, 424 A.2d 825, 839 (1980).
The legislature enacted RSA 508:4-b to limit the time within which suits for injuries resulting from imperfect design or improper construction could be brought against persons who performed or furnished the design, planning, supervision or construction of an improvement of real property. N.H.S. JOUR. 245 (1966). The legislative history provides, in pertinent part:
"The bill . . . will allow architects and other artisans to breathe easily after a lapse of six years, rather than to be subject to the possibility if a building falls down many, many years later, or other building defects occur, they will [be held] . . . liable for faulty workmanship."
Id.
In Henderson Clay Prod's, Inc. v. Edgar Wood Assoc's, 122 N.H. 800, 451 A.2d 174 (1982), we held that the classification which relieves architects from liability six years after performance of their services is unconstitutionally discriminatory, because it represents an unreasonable and arbitrary legislative classification favoring a particular class of defendants. Id. at 802, 451 A.2d at 175. These classifications were central to the legislature's purpose in enacting the statute. The fundamental structure of the statute having been affected, the entire section must be deemed invalid. See Heath v. Sears, Roebuck Co., 123 N.H. 512, 531, 464 A.2d 288, 299 (1983); Carson v. Maurer, 120 N.H. 925, 946, 424 A.2d 825, 839 (1980). Therefore, the parties' arguments concerning RSA 508:4-b are rendered moot.
[5, 6] Our inquiry does not end here, however. We must also determine whether the trial court properly granted the defendant's motion to dismiss based upon the holding in Roberts v. Richards Sons, Inc., 113 N.H. 154, 304 A.2d 364 (1973). The plaintiff in Roberts urged this court to find that the six-year statute of limitations, RSA 508:4, began to run when he discovered his cause of action. We determined that his cause of action, which alleged the negligent performance of a building construction contract, was an action for breach of contract and not tort. Id. at 156, 304 A.2d at 366. We then held that "an action for breach of contract unlike a tort action accrues when the breach occurs whether any damage then occurred or not." Id. We recently reaffirmed our holding that the "discovery rule" does not apply to actions based on breach of contract in French v. R. S. Audley, Inc., 123 N.H. 476, 479, 464 A.2d 279, 282 (1983).
[7, 8] The plaintiff in the instant case alleged a count in negligence seeking damages for the costs of remedying certain defects in her home. "The determination of whether an action is a contract or a tort action is not controlled by the form of the action but by its substance." Id. In substance, the plaintiff is alleging improper performance a construction contract, and her cause of action therefore accrued at the time of the breach. The construction contract was completed in 1970, and the plaintiff instituted suit in 1982. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court correctly ordered that the motion to dismiss be granted.
Affirmed.
SOUTER, J., did not participate; the others concurred.