Summary
dismissing Jones Act claim brought by Florida seaman against Delaware dredge owner for injuries suffered in Florida
Summary of this case from Am. Dredging Co. v. MillerOpinion
Docket No. 64927.
Argued June 2, 1981 (Calendar No. 5).
Decided September 1, 1981.
The Jaques Admiralty Law Firm, P.C., for plaintiff.
Ivin E. Kerr and Mark D. Willmarth for defendant.
The question presented in this case is whether the circuit court abused its discretion in declining to apply the doctrine of forum non conveniens to dismiss an action based on an incident which occurred in Florida and which is brought by a Florida plaintiff against a defendant which, although doing business in Florida and Michigan, neither is incorporated nor has its principal place of business in this state. The Court of Appeals affirmed the circuit court. We reverse.
I
Plaintiff alleges that he was injured while employed as a crew member on one of defendant's dredges. While he was working on the dredge, or on a spill barge related to the dredge's operation, a frayed cable that plaintiff was handling allegedly fell on his foot. He contends that a strand of the cable became imbedded in his toe and caused an infection that later required the toe to be amputated. Plaintiff filed suit in the Wayne Circuit Court claiming that the defendant was negligent under the Jones Act, 46 U.S.C. § 688, and that the dredge was unseaworthy under general maritime law.
Plaintiff is allegedly a lifelong resident of Florida. The alleged incident occurred in Florida on December 22, 1975. Defendant is a New Jersey corporation with its principal place of business in Chicago, Illinois. Defendant maintains an agent in Detroit because it occasionally does business in Michigan. It also does business in Florida. Defendant filed an answer and special defenses. It asked that the case be dismissed on grounds of forum non conveniens. Defendant asserted that the appropriate place for trial would be in Florida. In addition to plaintiff's residence in Florida, the incident occurred in a harbor in Miami, Florida; most of the witnesses are from Florida, with a few possibly in nearby southern states or in Puerto Rico; and the plaintiff received medical treatment in Florida. The defendant is subject to suit in Federal or state court in Florida and has agreed, if the case is dismissed, to waive any statute of limitation defenses that might be applicable there.
The circuit court denied defendant's motion to dismiss. The Court of Appeals granted leave to appeal from the order of the circuit court and affirmed its decision. Anderson v Great Lakes Dredge Dock Co, 96 Mich. App. 194; 292 N.W.2d 177 (1980).
On appeal to this Court, defendant contends, first, that the trial court applied an improper test by requiring the defendant to show that the trial of the case in Michigan would subject it to special hardship, and second, that the decision to retain jurisdiction was an abuse of discretion. In response, plaintiff argues that Jones Act cases deserve special consideration and as a rule ought to be exempt from the application of the doctrine of forum non conveniens. Plaintiff further argues that, in any event, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by retaining jurisdiction.
II
Plaintiff's argument that forum non conveniens is inapplicable to Jones Act cases relies on the Federal policy underlying the act. The policy, he asserts, is that of giving Jones-Act plaintiffs latitude in their choice of forum. Since the doctrine of forum non conveniens would at times deprive a plaintiff of that choice, plaintiff argues that the doctrine ought to be inapplicable.
The Jones Act, 46 U.S.C. § 688, which was passed in 1920, granted to seamen the same rights as those available to railroad employees under the Federal Employers Liability Act (FELA), 45 U.S.C. § 51 et seq. Mitchell v Trawler Racer, Inc, 362 U.S. 539; 80 S Ct 926; 4 L Ed 2d 941 (1960). A provision of the Jones Act phrased in terms of "jurisdiction" has been interpreted as referring only to venue, Panama R Co v Johnson, 264 U.S. 375; 44 S Ct 391; 68 L Ed 748 (1924), and venue in the Federal courts lies wherever the defendant is doing business. Pure Oil Co v Suarez, 384 U.S. 202; 86 S Ct 1394; 16 L Ed 2d 474 (1966). The plaintiff may choose to sue in either state or Federal court, and the decision to sue in state court, in Jones Act as in FELA cases, cannot be defeated by removal to Federal court.
See Engel v Davenport, 271 U.S. 33, 37-38; 46 S Ct 410; 70 L Ed 813 (1926); Preston v Grant Advertising, Inc, 375 F.2d 439 (CA 5, 1967).
Although, as plaintiff contends, there may be a Federal policy, as illustrated by the cases above, to allow plaintiffs in Jones Act or FELA cases a choice among many possible forums, it is important to note that this Court is under no Federal compulsion to exempt Jones Act or FELA cases from the application of this state's doctrine of forum non conveniens. In Missouri ex rel Southern R Co v Mayfield, 340 U.S. 1; 71 S Ct 1; 95 L Ed 3 (1950), the United States Supreme Court held that state courts may decline to exercise jurisdiction in FELA suits so long as their application of the doctrine of forum non conveniens neither discriminates against FELA suits nor discriminates along lines of state citizenship, though residency may permissibly be taken into account. In a concurring opinion, Justice Jackson noted that the Court had previously held in Ex parte Collett, 337 U.S. 55; 69 S Ct 944; 93 L Ed 1207 (1949), that FELA actions in the Federal courts could be transferred under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). Mayfield, supra, 5 (Jackson, J., concurring). He concluded, "[c]ertainly a State is under no obligation to provide a court for two nonresident parties to litigate a foreign-born cause of action when the Federal Government, which creates the cause of action, frees its own courts within that State from mandatory consideration of the same case." Id., 6.
The fact that the Federal courts will transfer FELA or Jones Act cases is pertinent to a consideration of any Federal policies that may be involved. Plaintiffs in Jones Act or FELA cases have latitude in the initial choice of a forum. However, the fact that the transfer provision of 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) applies to "any civil action" — including a Jones Act or FELA case, see Ex parte Collett, supra — demonstrates implicit Federal recognition that a Jones Act or FELA suit, like other types of actions, may be initiated in an inappropriate forum. Therefore, we see no clear Federal concerns which would be disparaged by including Jones Act cases within this state's application of its doctrine of forum non conveniens.
See, e.g., Wilson v Ohio River Co, 211 F. Supp. 666 (WD Pa, 1962); Mitchell v Farrell Lines, Inc, 350 F. Supp. 1325 (ED Pa. 1972); Bishop v Ashland Oil, Inc, 394 F. Supp. 203 (WD Pa, 1975).
III
Apart from any Federal policies, the plaintiff urges that the unique nature of a seaman's employment merits this Court's adoption of its own policy of nonapplication of the doctrine to Jones Act cases. On behalf of this argument, plaintiff notes how seamen are regularly moving from job to job and state to state. Further, the situs of Jones-Act incidents would normally be on a ship, which because of its mobility could frequently make a view by the jury impossible. Therefore, plaintiff argues, it often may be difficult for a plaintiff to identify a particularly appropriate forum, either for the parties or for the witnesses.
These circumstances, however, are all factors that may and should be considered in a case-by-case application of the doctrine. As stated in Gulf Oil Corp v Gilbert, 330 U.S. 501, 508; 67 S Ct 839; 91 L Ed 1055 (1947), "[w]isely, it has not been attempted to catalogue the circumstances which will justify or require either grant or denial of remedy." Quoted in Cray v General Motors Corp, 389 Mich. 382, 395; 207 N.W.2d 393 (1973). We see no reason, therefore, to adopt a rule that would foreclose the possibility of any Jones Act case being dismissed on the ground of forum non conveniens.
IV
The question remains whether the facts of this case warranted and required its dismissal.
In Cray v General Motors, supra, this Court found the doctrine of forum non conveniens to be applicable in Michigan. Each case consolidated for decision in Cray involved an incident occurring in another state. The plaintiffs and witnesses to the incident in each case were nonresidents of Michigan and none of the witnesses were subject to Michigan's subpoena power. General Motors, a defendant in each of the cases, had its principal place of business in Detroit. Plaintiffs contended that considerable discovery would be necessary with respect to materials and experts in Michigan for negligent acts that allegedly occurred here. This Court held that the retention of jurisdiction of the various cases did not constitute an abuse of discretion.
In the present case, as in Cray, neither the plaintiff nor any witnesses to the incident reside in Michigan, and the incident occurred in another state. Unlike General Motors, the defendant neither is incorporated nor has its principal place of business here. Although it does business in Michigan — at this writing, it is engaged in a dredging operation in the Saginaw area — this litigation is unrelated to that business. The fact that Michigan courts have jurisdiction over the defendant through the business it does here is immaterial to forum non conveniens considerations because the application of the doctrine assumes that two courts, the one the plaintiff has chosen and the one the defendant argues would be more appropriate, can obtain jurisdiction. Gilbert, supra, 330 U.S. 504; Adkins v Chicago, R I P R Co, 54 Ill.2d 511; 301 N.E.2d 729 (1973).
A plaintiff's selection of a forum is ordinarily accorded deference. The United States Supreme Court, describing this deference in Gilbert, stated, "unless the balance is strongly in favor of the defendant, the plaintiff's choice of forum should rarely be disturbed". 330 U.S. 508. Various factors, such as those outlined in Cray, supra, 396-397, are to be considered in determining whether the balance strongly favors the defendant. In balancing these factors, one of the considerations is the plaintiff's interest in the chosen forum. When this interest is slight — as when the plaintiff has chosen a forum where none of the parties or witnesses reside, where Michigan law does not apply and where none of the operative facts have occurred — the choice is entitled to much less weight than where there exists a significant nexus between litigation and the chosen forum. The balance will generally swing strongly in favor of the defendant when plaintiff's "choice of forum [is] supported only by the fact that it was chosen". Pacific Car Foundry Co v Pence, 403 F.2d 949, 955 (CA 9, 1968).
See Pacific Car Foundry Co v Pence, 403 F.2d 949 (CA 9, 1968); Curtin v Litton Systems, Inc, 365 F. Supp. 489 (ED Pa, 1973); Mitchell v Farrell Lines, Inc, 350 F. Supp. 1325 (ED Pa, 1972). These cases apply the statutory provision 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), which provides for the transfer of cases from one Federal district court to another "[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice * * *". The standard employed in determining whether such transfers should be granted differs somewhat from the doctrine of forum non conveniens. Norwood v Kirkpatrick, 349 U.S. 29; 75 S Ct 544; 99 L Ed 789 (1955). Nevertheless, the principle that a plaintiff's choice of forum is entitled to less weight when the chosen forum has no significant connection to the litigation seems equally sound under the common-law doctrine. Cf. Adkins, supra (in which "[t]he only connection Illinois had with the lawsuit was that the railroad does business [there.]" 54 Ill.2d 515); Semanishin v Metropolitan Life Ins Co, 46 N.J. 531; 218 A.2d 401 (1966) (the litigation's only connection with the state was that the defendant was licensed to do business and could be served with process there).
In this case, there is minimal nexus between the litigation and this state. The only apparent connections of any kind are that plaintiff's counsel is located here and that there may be testimony at trial from some experts who reside here. Plaintiff has only named one such witness and defendant contends he has since moved out of the state.
While the convenience of counsel and of expert witnesses may be of some importance in conjunction with other factors, it is entitled to little weight when it alone is advanced as favoring the chosen forum. If such factors were to be deemed sufficient, a plaintiff could assure a forum in any state in which jurisdiction could be obtained simply by employing counsel and a witness there.
Balanced against plaintiff's slight interest in having a trial in Michigan is the inconvenience it would cause the defendant. Miami, Florida, where the incident occurred, is approximately 1500 miles from Wayne County, where this action was commenced. Although the parties disagree as to how many witnesses there were to the incident, most of the potential witnesses have last known addresses in Florida, with others having addresses in Georgia, North Carolina and Puerto Rico. The physicians who treated the plaintiff are also located in Florida. For those witnesses whose attendance at trial the defendant would be able to procure, the cost of transportation would be significant. Considering such costs and the likelihood that the attendance of some witnesses could not be procured, the defendant may be forced to conduct a trial by depositions, if even that is possible.
V
The plaintiff, however, contends that because the defendant has not clearly specified either the course of litigation it intends to follow or the witnesses it intends to use, the doctrine of forum non conveniens should not apply because any inconvenience to the defendant is speculative. Certainly, when the plaintiff has a significant interest in the chosen forum, the defendant should outline the intended course of litigation in order for the balance to be struck in favor of another forum. Where, as here, there is little nexus between the litigation and the forum, there is no need for the defendant to prepare extensively for trial in order to show exactly how inconvenient a trial in Michigan would prove to be. The fact that virtually all the witnesses to the incident are apparently residents of Florida or nearby southern states reveals a likelihood that the defendant will suffer considerable difficulty in preparing any defense and is sufficient to overcome plaintiff's slight interest in having a trial in Michigan.
VI
Matters of public interest additionally favor declining jurisdiction for the essentially "imported litigation" that this case represents. As stated in Gilbert, supra:
"Factors of public interest also have place in applying the doctrine. Administrative difficulties follow for courts when litigation is piled up in congested centers instead of being handled at its origin. Jury duty is a burden that ought not to be imposed upon the people of a community which has no relation to the litigation." 330 U.S. 508-509.
The Wayne Circuit Court, where this action was filed, has the most crowded civil docket of any court in the state. The burden on our courts and upon the defendant's ability to prepare a defense greatly outweighs the remote interest the plaintiff has shown in behalf of conducting this trial in Michigan.
VII
The doctrine of forum non conveniens is applicable to Federal Jones Act cases commenced in a Michigan state court. Although the plaintiff's choice of forum is afforded appropriate weight, no significant nexus between the litigation and this state has been demonstrated. The "choice of forum [is] supported only by the fact that it was chosen". Pence, supra. All significant factors as set forth above weigh heavily in favor of the defendant. There is an appropriate forum available to plaintiff in the state or Federal courts in Florida. Defendant has agreed to waive any statute of limitations defenses applicable in Florida. Therefore, we find that it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court to have denied defendant's motion to dismiss.
Reverse and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
KAVANAGH, WILLIAMS, LEVIN, FITZGERALD, RYAN, and BLAIR MOODY, JR., JJ., concurred with COLEMAN, C.J.