Opinion
42734.
DECIDED JUNE 14, 1968. REHEARING DENIED JULY 2, 1968.
Action for damages. Cobb Superior Court. Before Judge Ingram.
Edwards, Bentley, Awtry Parker, A. Sidney Parker, Scott S. Edwards, Jr., for appellant.
Mundy Gammage, William W. Mundy, E. Lamar Gammage, Fullbright Duffey, for appellees.
Argument of counsel relative to the ability of the defendant to pay damages is grossly improper, and generally denial of a mistrial because of it is error.
DECIDED JUNE 14, 1968 — REHEARING DENIED JULY 2, 1968 — CERT APPLIED FOR.
Disharoon, employed by the American Oil Company to close out discontinued service stations which the company owned, was in the process of doing so at a station in Rome and employed plaintiff's twelve-year-old son to assist him in packing up the merchandise and equipment for shipment to the company's warehouse. About mid-morning Disharoon went from the station out to a truck that he was using, took a pistol from his suitcase and brought it back into the station for cleaning. The pistol had been acquired by him personally, without any knowledge or instruction from the company, for his own protection because on several occasions there had been a shaking of his door at motels or hotels where he stayed. He had used the pistol some three weeks previously while on an outing on the Chattahoochee River near Columbus and for that reason he felt that it needed cleaning.
After returning to the inside of the station he started to remove the pistol from his hip pocket, dropped it on the concrete floor, and it fired, killing plaintiff's son.
In our previous consideration of the matter we concluded that plaintiff's claim was one coming within the jurisdiction of the Workmen's Compensation Board. See American Oil Co. v. McCluskey, 116 Ga. App. 706 ( 158 S.E.2d 431). On certiorari the Supreme Court, agreeing that if there were proof that the company had the requisite number of employees at the time the incident occurred our conclusion was correct, nevertheless found that the proof of this essential fact did not appear and reversed our judgment. McCluskey v. American Oil Co., 224 Ga. 253 ( 161 S.E.2d 271).
Other issues were raised in the appeal to this court, which neither this court nor the Supreme Court dealt with, and it now becomes necessary that we do so.
Since there is one issue on which a majority of this court are agreed that there must be a reversal, and since there is likelihood that the deficiency in proof concerning the number of employees which the company had on the date of the incident will be supplied on another trial, bringing it within the ruling of the Supreme Court, we do not deal with other issues.
One of the errors enumerated is the overruling of defendant's motion for mistrial, the ground being that during the course of his argument to the jury plaintiff's counsel asserted: "The third element that you have to decide is, if there was an injury and if there is liability, then is there ability to pay, and, if so, how much should this mother be compensated for the death of this child? Now there is no doubt in your mind and there is no doubt in my mind that there is ability to pay. In a lot of cases you have to worry about that. You have to consider where the man works that has been sued, and, if he can pay, the judgment that you think will be fair. In this case you don't because American Oil Company has assets untold, and whatever you decide this twelve-year-old child . . ." (Emphasis supplied.)
At this point counsel for the defendant moved for a mistrial on account of the prejudicial remarks, wholly unsupported by any evidence in the case. The court overruled the motion, saying "I caution you not to go into the matter before the jury, and I specifically instruct the jury to disregard that."
Counsel for the defendant renewed their motion for mistrial, and the court overruled it, saying "I admonish counsel not to touch upon that matter again in his argument."
This cautioning or admonishing of counsel and instruction to the jury was the extent of the court's effort to eliminate from the case the effect of the prejudicial argument. There was no rebuking or reprimanding of counsel.
This argument of plaintiff's counsel concerning the financial condition of the defendant went entirely beyond any possibility of correction by a mere admonition to the jury to disregard it or to counsel to refrain from further touching upon it. It was patently and grossly harmful. Nothing short of a declaration of a mistrial could erase the harm. What the court did was not enough.
As Mr. Justice Jackson observed in Krulewitch v. United States, 336 U.S. 440, 453 ( 69 SC 716, 93 LE 790), "The naive assumption that prejudicial effects can be overcome by instructions to the jury . . . all practicing lawyers know to be unmitigated fiction." And dealing with this subject Judge Learned Hand asserted that a limiting instruction of this sort is a "recommendation to the jury of a mental gymnastic which is beyond, not only their powers, but anybody's else." Nash v. United States, 54 F.2d 1006, 1007. "[I]t is indeed very hard to believe that a jury will, or for that matter can, in practice observe the admonition." United States v. Delli Paoli, 229 F.2d 319, 321.
"The trial of cases is more than a mere contest between the parties. In all trials the State is interested that a fair trial may be had, in order that justice may be done." Ga. Power Co. v. Puckett, 181 Ga. 386 (1) ( 182 S.E. 384).
"The Constitution guarantees to every defendant a fair and impartial trial. Every litigant is entitled to the same right, and he does not get it where any influence except the law and the evidence is allowed to affect the minds of the jury. Hisses, cheers, demonstrations, improper appeals, argument not warranted by the evidence, and the like, all constitute an impairment of the right to a fair trial." Patton v. State, 117 Ga. 230, 238 ( 43 S.E. 533). Indeed, Code § 81-1009 provides that: "Where counsel in the hearing of the jury make statements of prejudicial matters which are not in evidence, it is the duty of the court to interpose and prevent the same; and, on objection made, he shall also rebuke the counsel . . . or . . . he may order a mistrial if the plaintiff's attorney is the offender." (Emphasis supplied.)
While a party is not entitled to a perfect trial — a thing bordering on impossibility — he is entitled to a fair trial, which the courts can and should afford. Lutwak v. United States, 344 U.S. 604, 619 ( 73 SC 481, 97 LE 593); Dowis v. McCurdy, 109 Ga. App. 488, 497 ( 136 S.E.2d 389).
When arguments of this kind are made to the jury fairness is no longer possible, for prejudice calculated to drive fairness out has been substituted. In a similar situation where counsel argued that "The Southern Railway Company has plenty of money to hire lawyers to defend a case . . . and they have plenty of money to pay off the damages," and upon objection thereto counsel for the plaintiff apologized, retracted his statement, asked the jury to disregard it, and the court instructed the jury not to consider it or to be influenced by it in any manner, we reversed a verdict and judgment for the plaintiff, observing that "the language complained of was highly improper and exceedingly prejudicial to the defendant . . . and the withdrawal of the statement by counsel and the statement of the judge in reference thereto, in our opinion, was hardly sufficient to eradicate from the minds of the jury the injury already done the defendant; and consequently it was error for the court to overrule the defendant's motion for mistrial." Southern R. Co. v. Black, 57 Ga. App. 592, 593 ( 196 S.E. 291).
We reversed the denial of a mistrial in John J. Woodside c. Co. v. Reese, 105 Ga. App. 602 (6) ( 125 S.E.2d 556) because "the language employed by plaintiff's counsel likely impressed upon the minds of the jury that there was a great difference between the financial ability of the plaintiff and the defendants, and also the defendants' ability to pay damages. The argument was not based upon any issue in the case, and when brought to the surface of conscious thought, was prejudicial to the defendants." (Emphasis supplied.)
Cases further illustrating the point are Morris v. Maddox, 97 Ga. 575 ( 25 S.E. 487); Patton v. State, 117 Ga. 230 ( 43 S.E. 533); Styles v. State, 129 Ga. 425 ( 59 S.E. 249, 12 AC 176); Fitzgerald v. State, 184 Ga. 19 ( 190 S.E. 602); Southern R. Co. v. Gentle, 36 Ga. App. 11 ( 135 S.E. 105); Veazey v. Glover, 47 Ga. App. 826 ( 171 S.E. 732); Brown v. Wilson, 55 Ga. App. 262 ( 189 S.E. 860); United Motor Freight c. Co. v. Hixon, 76 Ga. App. 653 ( 47 S.E.2d 171); American Cas. Co. v. Seckinger, 108 Ga. App. 262 (3) ( 132 S.E.2d 794); Brown v. State, 110 Ga. App. 401, 406 ( 138 S.E.2d 741), and cases there cited; Usry v. Bostick, 112 Ga. App. 76 (3) ( 143 S.E.2d 781), reversed because of our erroneous construction placed on the language there involved, Bostick v. Usry, 221 Ga. 647 ( 146 S.E.2d 882), and the many cases there cited.
Reliance on McCoy v. Scarborough, 73 Ga. App. 519 ( 37 S.E.2d 221) as authority for asking a contrary holding is misplaced. In that case plaintiff brought suit to recover $610 alleged to be due on a painting contract. There were no factors such as the unfortunate loss of a life from the mishandling of a pistol by a man who admitted that he had consumed several drinks of whiskey, as there were here. It is the accenting of these by grossly improper argument that inflames prejudices and may result in a wrongful or unjust verdict. In McCoy it was not difficult for the court to correct the matter by an admonition. The reverse is true here.
The principle has long been established in our law — as long as the courts have sought to see that litigants are afforded impartial trials to the end that justice may result. Soon after the Supreme Court was created the assertion was made that "For counsel to undertake by a side wind, to get that in as proof which is merely conjecture, and thus to work a prejudice in the mind of the jury, cannot be tolerated." Berry v. State, 10 Ga. 511, 522.
"We do not know that more need be said, as to the proper conduct of counsel in arguing causes . . . To depart from the testimony, much more, voluntarily to pervert or misrepresent or add to it, is a great wrong." Lockett v. Mims, 27 Ga. 207, 210 Judgment reversed and a new trial ordered. Felton, C. J., Bell, P. J., Jordan, P. J., Hall, Pannell, Deen and Whitman, JJ., concur. Quillian, J., dissents.
ON MOTION FOR REHEARING.
When this case was first heard in this court appellee moved to dismiss the appeal on the ground that the notice of appeal failed to indicate whether any transcript of the evidence was to be transmitted as a part of the record on appeal, as is provided by Code Ann. § 6-802, and upon the further ground that no complete copy of the record, together with the transcript of the evidence and proceedings, was transmitted by the clerk of the superior court to the Clerk of the Court of Appeals within the time specified by the statute for transmission thereof.
We denied the motion to dismiss, holding that failure to specify whether or not a transcript of the evidence is to be included in the record on appeal is not one of the grounds for dismissal listed in Code Ann. § 6-809, and which further provides that "No appeal shall be dismissed or its validity affected for any other cause." "The failure of the notice of appeal to recite whether or not the transcript of evidence and proceedings will be filed for inclusion in the record on appeal, as required by Section 20 of the Appellate Practice Act of 1965 (Ga. L. 1965, pp. 18, 32), as amended by Section 8 of the Act of 1966 (Ga. L. 1966, pp. 493, 499) is not cause for dismissal of the appeal." Noble v. State Hwy. Dept., 117 Ga. App. 33 (1) ( 159 S.E.2d 715). Accord: Bradford v. Lindsey Chevrolet Co., 117 Ga. 781 (1) ( 161 S.E.2d 904).
Relative to the delay in transmission as a ground for dismissal, we held: "The certificate of the clerk of court states that: `The transcript of evidence was filed August 25, 1966, and the delay in transmitting this transcript is due to the stress of business in this office.' Obviously, there was no delay in filing the transcript so as to bring [this case] under Davis v. Davis, 222 Ga. 579 ( 151 S.E.2d 123) or Joiner v. State, 223 Ga. 367 ( 155 S.E.2d 8). As stated in Elliott v. Leathers, 223 Ga. 497 ( 156 S.E.2d 440), the Constitution forbids dismissal of any case where the delay is attributable to the clerk of court rather than to counsel." American Oil Co. v. McCluskey, 116 Ga. App. 706, 708 ( 158 S.E.2d 431). We may observe that the notice of appeal was filed November 12, 1966, appealing both from the judgment on the verdict and from the judgment overruling an amended motion for new trial — the transcript of the evidence having been filed some two and a half months previously. Thus, even if Davis v. Davis and Joiner v. State, and others of like import are still viable there was in fact no delay in the filing of the transcript here and these cases could afford no basis for dismissal. See amendment to the Appellate Practice Act approved April 8, 1968 (Ga. L. 1968, p. 1072).
In her motion for rehearing in connection with our first judgment appellee took the same exceptions to the overruling of her motion to dismiss the appeal that she now seeks to urge in her present motion for rehearing. That motion was denied, and on certiorari the Supreme Court reversed this court, but not on its refusal to dismiss the appeal. We deem our denial of the motion to dismiss to be res judicata at this stage.
This, as well as all other grounds of the present motion for rehearing we find to be without merit.
Motion denied.
While I agree that the remarks made by plaintiff's counsel were improper, in my opinion the judge's corrective action in instructing the jury to disregard the argument objected to together with admonishing counsel not to touch upon the matter again was sufficient and thus the refusal to grant a mistrial was not a manifest abuse of discretion. "The trial court has a broad discretion in considering a motion for mistrial based on alleged improper arguments of counsel, and its discretion will not be disturbed unless manifestly abused. Where the court promptly instructed the jury to disregard the alleged improper remarks and rebuked the attorney making them, it was not error to refuse to grant the motion for a mistrial." (Emphasis supplied.) McCoy v. Scarborough, 73 Ga. App. 519 (5) ( 37 S.E.2d 221) and cases cited.