Opinion
No. 18,897.
Decided May 9, 1960.
Action for injunction and damages resulting from construction of storm sewer. Judgment for defendants.
Affirmed.
1. WATER RIGHTS — Drainage — Surface Water — Dominent Estate — Easement. The owner of a dominent estate has legal as well as a natural easement for servitude on the lands downstream for drainage of surface water flowing in its natural course.
2. REAL PROPERTY — Drainage — Surface Water — Storm Sewer — Construction — Evidence — Findings. In an action for injunction and damages arising from discharge of storm sewer into natural water course, where the findings and evidence show that any damage accruing from water arose from natural causes on lands above plaintiffs' flowing in natural water course, and that installation of storm sewer did not materially increase the flow of water therein, no liability attached.
3. INJUNCTION — Drainage — Surface Water — Storm Sewer — Construction. Where no liability attached for the construction of a storm sewer discharging surface water into a natural water course, no injunction could properly issue to enjoin the continued use thereof.
Error to the District Court of Adams County, Hon. Clifford J. Gobble, Judge.
Mr. A. E. SMALL, JR., for plaintiffs in error.
Mr. SHELDON SILVERMAN, for defendant in error The Perl-Mack Construction Co., Inc.
Mr. ROBERT L. McDOUGAL, for defendant in error The Florado Construction Co.
PLAINTIFFS in error will be referred to as plaintiffs. The defendants in error will be referred to as defendants, except when reference to one of the defendants only is required.
The defendant, The Perl-Mack Construction Co Inc., was the owner of a housing project acreage in Adams County. Drainage from the area flowed into Kalcevic Draw, a natural water course which traversed three separate parcels of land below the housing project. One of these parcels was owned by the plaintiffs. Prior to the improvement of the lands, Perl-Mack caused a proposed design for installation of a storm sewer to be engineered, presented the plans thereof, and made application to the County Commissioners and to the Adams County Planning Commission to install a storm sewer in the channel of Kalcevic Draw to drain the surface waters from its property. The plans called for the installation of a 42-inch tube — later changed to 72-inch — along the natural water course and to cast the flow into Kalcevic Draw upstream from plaintiffs' parcel of 2 3/8 acres. After being duly informed, the County Engineer, the Board of County Commissioners, and the County Planning Commission of Adams County approved the plans for the sewer installation. In 1956, shortly after such approval, Perl-Mack installed the sewer in accordance with the approved plans. The housing units were built, the area landscaped, and the sewer put into operation.
The defendant, the Florado Construction Co., was likewise engaged in a housing project nearby, the surface waters from which latter project also flowed into Kalcevic Draw. Florado procured written permission to connect, and did connect its newly installed sewer system to the Perl-Mack storm sewer, and thus channelled its surface waters into the latter's sewer system, and finally discharged the same into Kalcevic Draw above the properties of the plaintiffs in error and two other groups of property owner-plaintiffs who appeared in the court below.
In May, 1957, an unusually heavy rain fell upon both project areas resulting in a heavy discharge of water from the combined Perl-Mack storm sewer into lower Kalcevic Draw, but above plaintiffs' parcel of land.
In July, 1957, plaintiffs and two other property owners similarly situated filed their complaint in the district court alleging that the Kalcevic Draw was a natural water course running through their separate properties; that the plaintiffs used water from such water course for drinking water, irrigation, for livestock, and for other purposes; that in 1956 the defendants had constructed the storm sewer described above; that the same emptied into Kalcevic Draw and burdened the water course with more water in a concentrated mass at an accelerated flow than would naturally reach the said Draw and by reason of the acts of the defendants, the plaintiffs severally sustained damages to their properties; that the defendants were warned of the impending damage and that by the exercise of reasonable foresight the defendants could have guarded against such damages, and prayed for separate damages and for an injunction.
The plaintiffs did not allege or prove negligence in the installation or maintenance of the sewer, or at all.
Prior to the trial all claims, except for injunction, against the defendant Florado Construction Co. were dismissed by the court, it appeared that the alleged damages occurred after Florado connected its sewer to the Perl-Mack system.
The defendants by their answers, admitted the existence of the storm sewers and alleged that plaintiffs' damages, if any, is damnum absque injuria; denied there is any basis for injunction, and prayed the action be dismissed.
Trial was to the court, At the close of plaintiffs' case, on motion of the defendants, the Court dismissed the case, and found the facts and concluded as a matter of law substantially as follows: That the Kalcevic Draw is a natural channel for the drainage of water, and the channel was large enough to carry the water of the storm sewers; there was insufficient evidence to show that the damage claimed was caused by the installation of the storm sewer, the sewer only channelled the water. If there was any increase in the flow of water in the channel, the increase was slight and the same was caused by the improvements and not by the storm sewer installation; the defendant was under no duty to anticipate or guard against the asserted danger; there was no testimony that the flow of water exceeded the capacity of Kalcevic Draw; the upper and dominant landowner is not liable for damages arising from the acceleration of or increase in volume of surface waters except where the increase would tax the stream beyond its capacity; the defendants were following the directions of the county engineer; the plaintiffs failed to prove a case against the defendants. It is implicit in the court's findings that the defendants acted reasonably and with due care.
This matter is here for review by only one set of the three property owner groups who were in the court below.
As stated in the plaintiffs' brief, there are two questions to be determined on this review:
(a) The issue of liability rather than the amount of recovery;
(b) Whether plaintiffs are entitled to injunctive relief.
THE ISSUE OF LIABILITY OF THE DEFENDANTS.
The defendants as owners of a dominant estate have a legal, as well as a natural easement for servitude on the lands downstream for drainage of surface water flowing in its natural course and manner. In the present case the water flowed in its natural course down the Kalcevic channel; the conduit did not change the course nor materially change the manner of the flow. The rule is well stated in 56 Am. Jur. 550, Sec. 68:
"According to the doctrine of the civil law prevailing in England and many of the states, the owner of the upper or dominant estate has a legal and natural easement or servitude in the lower or servient estate for the drainage of surface waters, flowing in its natural course and manner; * * *"
This is the rule in Colorado and is noted as such in the footnotes following the foregoing statement in Am. Jur. where the case of the City of Boulder v. Boulder and Whiterock Ditch and Reservoir Co., 73 Colo. 426, 216 Pac. 553, 36 A.L.R. 1458 is cited. The Boulder case was approved in Debevtz v. Ditch Co., 78 Colo. 396, 241 Pac. 1111.
In City of Boulder v. Boulder and Whiterock Ditch and Reservoir Co., Dry Creek was a natural water course which plaintiff had used for transporting irrigation water. The City of Boulder built storm sewers, some of which emptied into Dry Creek. Plaintiff sought to enjoin the City of Boulder from using Dry Creek as a place for discharging waters. The trial court found the issues for the plaintiff. This court in reversing the trial court stated:
"The defendant insists, and the evidence seems to sustain its position, that the plaintiff's ditch was constructed in, and that the same runs along the course of, a natural drainage way into which would naturally flow, if unobstructed, the surface water that falls upon the land within that part of the city of Boulder here affected. The court made no specific findings of fact upon this issue, and, upon a rehearing, it should explicitly find whether or not this is such a natural drainage way, for, if it is and the plaintiff's grantors choose to use it in which to construct its ditch to carry water for irrigation, and if, as is admitted, the surface drainage would naturally and ultimately flow into this ditch, if not obstructed, it would have no cause of complaint merely upon the ground that the city of Boulder, in building storm sewers and paving and grading streets, collected this surface water and accelerated its flow and precipitated or discharged the same at some particular point or points in the line of the ditch, instead of spreading it out at different places of entrance."
The plaintiffs in their brief, quote from Olney Springs Drainage Dist. v. Auckland, 83 Colo. 510, 267 Pac. 605:
"A natural water course may be used as a conduit or outlet for the drainage of lands, at least where the augmented flow will not tax the stream beyond its capacity and cause the flooding of adjacent lands * * * 'one who attempts to gather into a drain or to maintain a drain for his own convenience is bound to take due care that no injury is done by it.'"
As herein noted, the defendants in the case at bar not only were took "due care," but adopted precautionary measures as well and ware free of negligence. This doctrine cited by Plaintiffs supports the defendants' position.
The rule announced in Debevtz v. Ditch Co., supra, is applicable, where this court approved the following:
"The plaintiff purchased his land in the lowest point next to the Platte River and his land is burdened with the easement of carrying the water which naturally flows from all of the land above it."
Plaintiffs bought their tracts of land in a water shed below what finally became defendants' housing project locations. The defendants had a right to utilize their properties in urbanization utilities. They were further entitled to carry the surface water from their property, and in doing so, both defendants used reasonable and precautionary measures. The findings and evidence show that any damage that accrued from water arose from natural causes on lands above the plaintiffs' lands and flowed down into the natural water course. The installation of defendants' sewer system did not materially increase the flow of water into the Kalcevic water course. The capacity of the water course was never seriously taxed by the flow of water from the defendants' sewer lines and housing projects. The defendants were owners of dominant estates and they had a legal and natural easement and right of servitude in plaintiffs' lower servient estate for the drainage of the surface water from defendants' properties. In disposing of the surface water as they did, the defendants acted lawfully under the modified civil law doctrine of dominant and servient estates as approved by this Court in City of Boulder v. Ditch Co. supra.
The facts in the case are expansive but generally undisputed, moreover the findings of the trial court are amply supported by the evidence and under the often repeated rule, we are bound by the findings of the trial court. Olney Springs Drainage Dist. v. Auckland, supra.
The trial court correctly resolved the issue of liability.
WERE PLAINTIFFS ENTITLED TO AN INJUNCTION?
Having determined that there was no liability on the defendants under the circumstances shown by this record, no writ of injunction could properly issue to enjoin the acts of the defendants complained of. By syllogistic reasoning it follows that a continuation of the defendants' acts could not form the basis for an injunction.
The court was correct in denying the application for injunction.
The judgment is affirmed.
MR. JUSTICE FRANTZ dissents.
MR. JUSTICE HALL not participating.