Summary
holding that Hispanics constitute a cognizable group for purpose of assessing claims of discriminatory use of peremptory challenges and that a defendant is not required to establish that fact when challenging exclusion of Hispanics from a jury
Summary of this case from Valle v. Sec'y for DeptOpinion
No. 89-6985.
Decided June 25, 1990
Petitioner Alvarado claimed at his criminal trial that the Government used peremptory challenges to remove black jurors solely because of race, contrary to Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79. The District Court accepted the Government's explanations for its challenges, and Alvarado was convicted. In affirming the conviction, the Court of Appeals did not rule on Alvarado's argument that the Government's explanations were pretextual or the Government's arguments that he had not made out a prima facie Batson error, and that it had race-neutral reasons for the challenges. The court held, instead, that no appellate inquiry was required into the merits of a Batson claim if the jury finally chosen represented a fair cross section of the community.
Held: The case is remanded for the Court of Appeals to pass on the adequacy of the Government's reasons for exercising its peremptory challenges. The Government agrees that the Court of Appeals' judgment rests on an improvident ground. Thus, it is appropriate for this Court to grant certiorari, vacate the judgment below, and direct reconsideration in light of the representations made by the United States in this Court. See, e.g., Biddle v. United States, 484 U.S. 1054. This result is not unusual even when, as here, the Government has suggested that there is another ground on which the decision below could be affirmed if the case were brought in this Court.
Certiorari granted; 891 F.2d 439, vacated and remanded.
At his criminal trial, petitioner claimed that the Government used certain peremptory challenges to remove black jurors solely on the grounds of race, contrary to Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986). The District Court accepted the Government's explanations for its challenges, and petitioner was convicted. He pursued his Batson claim in the Court of Appeals, claiming that the the Government's explanations were pretextual. The Government asserted that petitioner had not made out a prima facie Batson error, and that it had race-neutral reasons for each challenge. The Court of Appeals did not rule on these competing claims, for it held that no appellate inquiry was required into the merits of a Batson claim if the jury finally chosen represented a fair cross section of the community, as did this jury. The conviction was affirmed.
Petitioner, seeking certiorari, urges that the Court of Appeals relied on an erroneous ground in rejecting the Batson claim. The United States agrees that the Court of Appeals erred in holding that, as long as the petit jury chosen satisfied the Sixth Amendment's fair cross-section concept, it need not inquire into the claim that the prosecution had stricken jurors on purely racial grounds. That holding, the Government states, is contrary to Batson and is also discredited by our decision in Holland v. Illinois, 493 U.S. 474 (1990), which held that the fair cross-section requirement of the Sixth Amendment did not apply to the petit jury and which was handed down after the Court of Appeals issued its opinion below. The Government urges us to deny certiorari, however, because petitioner failed to make out a prima facie case of intentional discrimination and because the reasons given for the challenges were race-neutral, grounds for decision that the Court of Appeals did not reach.
When the Government has suggested that an error has been made by the court below, it is not unusual for us to grant certiorari, vacate the judgment below, and direct reconsideration in light of the representations made by the United States in this Court. See, e.g., Biddle v. United States, 484 U.S. 1054 (1988); Malone v. United States, 484 U.S. 919 (1987). Nor is it novel to do so in a case where error is conceded, but it is suggested that there is another ground on which the decision below could be affirmed if the case were brought here. Indeed, a case decided earlier this Term presented such a situation and, without dissent, we vacated the judgment below for reconsideration in light of the position asserted by the Solicitor General in this Court. Chappell v. United States, 494 U.S. 1075 (1990). This is the appropriate course to follow in this case. If the judgment below rested on an improvident ground, as the Government suggests, the Court of Appeals should in the first instance pass on the adequacy of the Government's reasons for exercising its peremptory challenges.
Consequently, the motion of petitioner for leave to proceed in forma pauperis and the petition for a writ of certiorari are granted. The judgment is vacated and the case is remanded to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit for further consideration in light of the position asserted by the Solicitor General in his brief for the United States filed May 21, 1990.
It is so ordered.
I have previously expressed my doubt as to the wisdom of automatically vacating a Court of Appeals judgment favorable to the government when the Solicitor General confesses error in this Court. See Mariscal v. United States, 449 U.S. 405, 406 (1981) (dissenting opinion). Today the Court carries this unfortunate practice to new lengths: The Government has not confessed error in this case, but instead has taken the position that the judgment of the Court of Appeals was correct, and that certiorari should be denied.
The Government's brief in opposition contains the following statement:
"Although petitioner's Batson claim lacks merit, we agree with petitioner that the Court of Appeals' analysis departed from the general approach to discrimination and jury selection that this Court has marked out in Batson." Brief in Opposition 12.
The Court seizes upon this concession that the "analysis" of the Court of Appeals may have been wrong as a justification for vacating the judgment. But the entire thrust of the Solicitor General's brief is that the result reached by the Court of Appeals was correct.
A confession of error is at least a deliberate decision on the part of the Solicitor General to concede that a Court of Appeals judgment in favor of the government was wrong. In the present case, however, we have only the above-quoted statement of the Solicitor General in his brief opposing a grant of certiorari. If we are now to vacate judgments on the basis of what are essentially observations in the Solicitor General's brief about the "approach" of the Court of Appeals in a particular case, I fear we may find the Solicitor General's future briefs in opposition much less explicit and frank than they have been in the past. Since we depend heavily on the Solicitor General in deciding whether to grant certiorari in cases in which the government is a party, the Court will be the loser as a result.