Opinion
No. 5664
Submitted November 16, 1926.
Decided November 23, 1926.
Error to Circuit Court, Wayne County.
Action by Laura Aliff against Atlas Assurance Company Ltd. Judgment for plaintiff, defendant brings error.
Reversed; new trial awarded.
W. T. Lovins, for plaintiff in error.
Brown, Jackson Knight, Lon H. Kelly and Thomas B. Jackson, for defendant in error.
Plaintiff sued defendant on its policy of insurance, issued January 25, 1923, and covering her household goods, destroyed by fire June 19, 1925. The short form of declaration with policy attached was used. With defendant's plea of non assumpsit it filed a statement in writing specifying by reference thereto the failure of plaintiff to obtain the consent in writing of defendant indorsed on the policy, to the removal of the goods from the house where situated to the house where they were destroyed, in violation of the terms of the policy, wherefore the policy was vacated and rendered void and of no effect, and the defendant was not liable for the loss sustained.
To this matter of defense plaintiff by counsel replied in writing, that prior to the fire she caused the policy to be turned over to E. B. Drown of the Drown-Rife Insurance Agency, agents for the defendant, for the purpose of having an indorsement placed thereon permitting the removal of the property from the building in which it was then located, to the building in which it was located at the time of its destruction by fire, and that said Drown had ample time to place said indorsement thereon prior to the fire, but failed to do so, and returned said policy to her after the fire.
The parties went to trial before a jury on the issues thus presented. On completion of the evidence on her part, and without the introduction of any evidence on its part, upon defendant's motion, the trial court excluded all of plaintiff's evidence and directed a verdict for defendant; and the judgment of nil capiat complained of was pronounced. Plaintiff moved the court to set aside the verdict, and in arrest of judgment thereon, which motions were overruled.
On the trial, over defendant's objection, plaintiff was permitted to prove by her own and the evidence of another witness present, that after she had delivered the policy to Drown, the agent, for the purpose of having him indorse on the policy the consent of the defendant for the removal of the goods to the place where destroyed, Drown called and inspected the place, took a memorandum of the location, and then agreed or said to her: "Now I will fix this up for you right away," or "I will fix this up right at once." Plaintiff's testimony in the language of the first quotation, was excepted to, and the exception overruled; but the evidence of the other witness, in the language of the second quotation, went in without objection, except as it may have been comprehended in the motion to strike out all of plaintiff's evidence.
We think this evidence was sufficient to establish an express agreement before the loss, to make the requisite indorsement on the policy to protect plaintiff's rights. But was defendant given sufficient notice of the waiver or estoppel relied on and specified in plaintiff's statement thereof? We think not. The statement was only that the agent after receiving the policy retained it for an unreasonable time without having indorsed thereon the consent required by its terms. This was not sufficient. He must have agreed to make the indorsement in order to bind the assurance company. And that an agent may so bind the company is well settled by authority, as well in law as in equity cases. Pollock v. German Fire Ins. Co., 127 Mich. 460; Manchester v. Guardian, Assur. Co., 151 N.Y. 88; Queen Ins. Co. v. Straughan, 70 Kan. 186, 109 Am. St. Rep. 421; Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Stockmen's National Bank, 261 F. 470; National Fire Ins. Co. v. Crane, 16 Md. 260, 77 Amer. Dec. 289; Croft v. Hanover Fire Ins. Co., 40 W. Va. 508; 32 C. J., p. 1340, § 613; Morgan v. Amer. Cent. Ins. Co., 80 W. Va. 1. In the latter case Judge WILLIAMS says at page 6: "If Hatfield had left the policy with the agent and he had agreed to indorse on it the written consent of his company to the transfer of it, the case would then have presented a question very similar to the one decided in the Croft case." The Croft case was an equity case for specific performance of the contract of insurance made with the agent, but on which he had omitted to write the policy before the fire occurred, but had agreed to do so. While relief was denied in Morgan v. Insurance Company, it was not, as here, shown that the policy had been delivered to the agent and that he had agreed to make the proper indorsement. Two or three Massachusetts cases seem to deny the doctrine of the case cited, but they are out of harmony with our cases and the cases cited from other courts. Worcester Bank v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 11 Cush. 265, 59 Am. Dec. 145, and adverse note citing the Massachusetts cases.
Thus we have here a case fully made out by the evidence, but as to which the pleadings or specification of waiver or estoppel are not sufficient to give defendant notice thereof. Such statements of defense or of waiver and estoppel, as our decisions say, are not pleadings subject to demurrer, but are in the nature of bills of particulars, and may be met, not by demurrer, but by objection to the evidence. The record shows that defendant availed itself of this right, in the first instance by objecting to plaintiff's testimony, but not as to the evidence of the other witness, but probably comprehended both in its motion to strike out and direct a verdict.
In what respect then, if in any, did the court below commit error to plaintiff's prejudice? A case was fully made out by proof, but not by pleading or specifications. It does not appear from the record upon what specific ground the motion to strike out was sustained. Having admitted the evidence, there is an implication that when presented it was deemed sufficient to support a verdict for plaintiff, or at least pertinent to the issue. The grounds of objection do not appear, nor were any grounds to strike out assigned upon the record. If the court was of opinion, on the motion to strike out, that the pleadings or specification of estoppel were insufficient, we think our rule of practice generally, as well in law as in equity cases, is to advise the parties and give opportunity to amend before final judgment. We have a long line of decisions to this effect. Otherwise rank injustice would often be done to one or both of the parties. Ritchie County Bank v. Bee, 62 W. Va. 457, citing and reviewing prior decisions on the subject. And in LaBelle Iron Works v. Quarter Savings Bank, 74 W. Va. 569, we decided that when it appears that the evidence probably exists by which a good cause can be made on any issue on which right of recovery depends, and that there has been omission under misapprehension of law to adduce such evidence, the trial court should withhold its finding and judgment and give the party in default reasonable opportunity to sustain his case, and if this has not been done, the judgment below will be reversed on writ of error and a new trial awarded. In the late case of Long v. Pocahontas Cons. Collieries Co., 83 W. Va. 380, we decided, in a law case, that if the evidence introduced on the trial by plaintiff or defendant shows a good cause of action or default, a defect in the pleadings should be regarded as cured by the evidence, when after verdict either of the parties seek advantage based on variance, or the pleader should be permitted to amend his pleadings to conform with the proof, and if no substantial rights of the parties will be injuriously affected thereby, the verdict should not be disturbed. In Atkinson v. Sutton, 23 W. Va. 197, opinion by Judge SNYDER, an equity case, we decided more than forty years ago, that: "Where it is apparent to the court from the record of a cause that the real merits sought to be determined are not so presented, either on account of defects in the pleadings or in the evidence, as to enable it to decide the real questions in controversy, it is the duty of the court to require such defects to be removed before proceeding to hear the cause and pass upon it finally. And in a plain case, where the inferior court fails to discharge this duty, the appellate court will, for that reason, alone, reverse and remand the cause."
Our opinion is to reverse the judgment, set aside the verdict, and remand the case for a new trial.
Reversed; new trial awarded.