Summary
reversing summary judgment for the surety on a breach-of-contract claim
Summary of this case from Jeanty v. Big Bubba's Bail BondsOpinion
No. 01-08-00290-CV
Opinion issued February 18, 2010.
On Appeal from the 190th District Court, Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 2001-38189.
Panel consists of Justices KEYES, SHARP, and MASSENGALE.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, John Adi, appeals a take-nothing judgment rendered against him upon appellees' — Rapid Bail Bonding Company and Martin Halick, Rapid Bail Bonding Company Surety — motion for traditional summary judgment. We determine whether the trial court erred in granting the traditional summary judgment and entering a take-nothing judgment on all of Adi's claims. We reverse the trial court's judgment and remand this cause.
Factual and Procedural History
A. Factual background
In early 1998, Adi was arrested for a felony offense of engaging in organized criminal activity. He was released from jail on March 16, 1998, on an $80,000 surety bond that listed "Martin Halick" as the surety of the bond, after Adi paid an $8,000 surety bond fee. In October 1998, MaryAnn K. Adi gave a deed of trust for certain property to "Henri M. Cosey, Trustee" to secure the bond, payable if the bond was forfeited.
Although both parties state on appeal that Adi contracted with Rapid Bail Bond for the surety bond, that name does not appear on the jail bond, or the deed of trust, or the affidavit of surety to surrender, and no signed copy of the bail bond contract relative to this bond appears in the record on appeal.
On March 10, 1999, Martin Halik filed an "Affidavit of Surety to Surrender" in Adi's case. The affidavit read:
BEFORE ME, the undersigned authority, on this day personally appeared MARTIN HALIK, who being by me duly sworn, deposes and says on his oath that he or she is a surety on the appearance bond of the above named defendant who is charged with the offense of ENGAGING IN ORG. CRIM. ACTIVITY in the above captioned cause. Said surety further says on oath that the bond was executed the 16 day of MARCH 1999 [sic] and the defendant paid to such surety a fee in the amount of $8,000.00. Said surety desires to surrender the defendant into the custody of the Sherriff of Harris County for the following reason:
THE DEFENDANT IS NIGERIAN WITH CONTACTS IN NIGERIA. THE CO-DEFENDANT HAS ALREADY BOND FORFITED [sic]. THE DEFENDANT HAD AGREED TO COME BY THE OFFICE TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL SECURITY, AND HE HAS FAILED TO DO SO. THE DEFENDANT ADVISED THE BONDING COMPANY THAT HIS ATTORNEY WAS PRESENTING A MOTION FOR REDUCTION OF BOND, BECAUSE HIS CURRENT BOND AGREEMENT WILL END ON 3-16-99. THE ASSISTANT DISTRICT ATTORNEY MR. BILZARD ADVISED OUR OFFICE THAT A BOND REDUCTION HAS ALREADY BEEN DENIED. FURTHER, IF ONE WAS CONSIDERED HE WOULD BE AWEAR [sic] OF THE MOTION PRIOR TO PRESENTATION TO THE COURT. NO SUCH MOTION HAS BEEN SUBMITTED. WE FEEL THAT WITH THE FOREGOING MISREPRESENTATIONS AND FAILURE TO PERFORM AS AGREED THERE IS ADEQUATE GROUNDS TO BELIEVE THAT THE DEFENDANT WILL FLEE THE JURISDICTION OF THE COURT.
WHEREFORE, said surety prays that the Court issue a warrant for the arrest of the defendant directing the Sherriff to place the defendant in the Harris County Jail.
The affidavit was signed before a deputy district clerk by "Martin Halik," and filed on March 10, 1999.
That same day, the trial court found that Halick's affidavit set forth legally sufficient cause for the surety to surrender Adi, and issued a warrant for Adi's arrest. Adi was subsequently arrested on the warrant and placed in the Harris County Jail.
Adi apparently filed a writ of habeas corpus a few days after his arrest, which was granted after a hearing, and bond was reset at $80,000. Adi was later convicted and sentenced to prison.
B. Adi's petition
Adi filed suit against Rapid Bail Bonding Company and Martin Halik on July 24, 2001, asserting "breach of contract, civil fraud, deceptive trade practice, [and] intentional infliction of emotional distress" and claimed that he had suffered damages therefrom. Adi alleged that on March 16, 1999, he had entered into a contract with Rapid Bail Bonds to secure his $80,000 appearance bond and the contract had signed on behalf of Rapid Bail Bonding Company by "its surety, Martin Halick." He asserted that he had paid Rapid Bail Bonding Company $8,000 through Halick as a fee, and also provided additional security in the form of real estate. Adi contended that Rapid Bail Bonding Company, through Halick, had breached the contract through "material false representations" made in an affidavit to the district court in which Adi's case was pending, which resulted in an arrest warrant being issued and in Adi's subsequent arrest.
C. Halick's answer and the motion for summary judgment
On December 28, 2001, Halick, an attorney, filed a sworn original answer entitled "Respondent's Original Answer" that asserted only a general denial. The answer did not indicate that Halick was representing any party other than himself.
On February 14, 2008, Halick filed a document entitled, "Defendants' motion for no-evidence summary judgment or in the alternative Defendants' traditional motion for summary judgment." In this motion, "Rapid Bail Bonding Company and Martin Halick" jointly filed combined requests for both a no-evidence and traditional summary judgment, asking the court "to sign a final summary judgment against Plaintiff on Plaintiff's cause of action."
Although no other filed documents appear in the record between Halik's answer and the motion for summary judgment, according to the trial court's docket sheet, the case had numerous trial settings and continuances between 2002 and 2007.
In the portion of the motion labeled, "Defendants' Motion for a No-Evidence Summary Judgment," appellees alleged that Adi had no evidence to support his causes of action and that Adi's deceptive practices and intentional infliction of emotional distress claims were barred by limitations.
In the portion of the motion that was labeled "Defendants' Traditional Motion for a Summary Judgment," appellees argued that (1) "no fact issue exist[ed] to support the allegations in [Adi's]" petition; (2) Adi had violated the bond agreement by not reporting, so appellees had a sufficient ground to surrender the bail bond; (3) the bond was viable only for a year and then expired if not renewed and the bond was more than a year old when surrendered; and (4) Adi's causes of action for deceptive trade practices and intentional infliction of emotional distress were barred by limitations. Appellees concluded their motion for traditional summary judgment by asserting that that "Defendant is entitled to final summary judgment on his affirmative defense as alleged in this motion for summary judgment because no fact issue exists supporting plaintiff's complaint" and that "Defendant [was asking] for summary judgment on all issues, all claims, all theories of damages and all parties." Attached to the motion for summary judgment were an affidavit and various exhibits.
Appellees attached:
(1) an affidavit by Halick, attesting to various facts related to the affidavit to surrender, the terms of the bond agreement, and Adi's failure to comply with those terms by failing to report in person to the bonding company office as required and by making a material misrepresentation by using property to secure his bond that had little value and did not secure the bond;
(2) a copy of the order by the court allowing the surrender and a warrant of arrest ("Exhibit A");
(3) a copy of a judgment of bond forfeiture for "Reginald Ike (MN) Chuchwuemeka aka Reginald Chuckwuemekake" on February 24, 1999 ("Exhibit B");
(4) An unexecuted form entitled "Terms and Conditions" with a heading containing the name and address of "Rapid Bail Bonds," seven numbered paragraphs setting out requirements for persons released on bonds, one paragraph setting out a penal statute regarding bail jumping, and blank lines for a date and signatures of a principal and indemnitor ("Exhibit C");
(5) An unexecuted indemnity agreement form that lists Rapid Bail Bonds as surety, with blank lines for: the name of the indemnitor, the amount of the bond, the principal, the date of the bond, the date of the execution of the indemnity agreement form, and signatures of the principal, indemnitor and notary public ("Exhibit D"); and
(6) The affidavit of surety to surrender for Adi, signed by Halick on March 10, 1999 ("Exhibit E").
Halick certified that a copy of the motion was sent to Adi at a correctional facility in Post, Texas, by certified mail, on February 18, 2008. Also on February 18, 2008, Halick mailed a notice of submission to Adi, notifying him that the "Motion for Final Summary Judgment" would be set for submission on March 10, 2008 at 8:00 a.m. The following day, February 19, 2008, Halick mailed another notice of submission to Adi, specifying that the "Motion for No-Evidence Summary Judgment or in the alternative Motion for Traditional Summary Judgment" would be submitted to the trial court on March 10, 2008 at 8:00 a.m. — a submission date that was exactly 21 days after the date that the motion for summary judgment was filed and mailed to Adi by certified mail, and 20 days after the properly detailed notice of hearing was sent to Adi.
Taking appellees' certification of service as true, Adi was not provided timely notice of the summary judgment hearing. Service, not merely mailing, is required 21 days before the hearing. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c) (requiring that, except on leave of court, summary judgment be filed and served at least 21 days before time specified for hearing). Because of specific provisions in Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 21a dealing with service by mail, a summary judgment motion that is served by mail must be mailed at least 24 days prior to the hearing and a respondent has the right to 24 days minimum notice of the hearing. See Lewis v. Blake, 876 S.W.2d 314, 315 (Tex. 1994). When the motion and the notice of the hearing are mailed separately, the hearing may not be heard before the 24th day after the date that the notice of submission is sent. Chadderdon v. Blaschke, 988 S.W.2d 387, 388 (Tex. App.-Houston 1999, no pet.). However, lack of sufficient notice of a summary judgment hearing is a nonjurisdictional defect and may be waived. Nguyen v. Short, How, Frels Heitz, P.C., 108 S.W.3d 558, 560 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2003, pet. denied). In the present case, no written objection to the lack of notice of the hearing appears in the record nor any request for an extension of the date of submission and Adi does not attempt to raise any challenges on appeal related to the timing or notice of the hearing.
D. Adi's response to the motion for summary judgment
Adi filed two documents in response to the motion for summary judgment — "Affidavit of John Adi in Opposition to Defendants [sic] Motion for No-Evidence Summary Judgment or in alternative Defendant's [sic] Traditional Motion for Summary Judgment" and "Plaintiff's Objection and Response to Defendants Motion for No-Evidence Summary Judgment or in alternative Defendants Traditional Motion for Summary Judgment."
Both documents are stamped "filed" by the Harris County district clerk on March 10, 2008; the certificates of service indicate that the affidavit was mailed on March 5, 2008, and the "objection and response" was mailed on March 6, 2008, both dates less than 10 days before the hearing. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c) (requiring that, except on leave of court, adverse party may file and serve opposing affidavits or any other written response "not later than seven days prior to the date of hearing."); TEX. R. CIV. P. 21a (requiring that when document served by mail, three days be added to prescribed period). Although no order permitting a late response appears in the record, the order granting summary judgment expressly states that the trial court considered "the response." Therefore the record contains an affirmative indication that the trial court permitted the late filing of the response with the attached affidavit and exhibits. See Auten v. DJ Clark, Inc., 209 S.W.3d 695, 703 (Tex. App.-Houston 2006, no pet.) (holding that order stating that document considered was affirmative indication that it was considered); Stephens v. Dolcefino, 126 S.W.3d 120, 133-34 (Tex. App.-Houston 2003, pet. denied) (holding that appellate court may consider summary judgment evidence submitted late to trial court as long as trial court affirmatively indicates in record that accepted or considered evidence). We may therefore consider Adi's response in our review of his appeal. See Stephens, 126 S.W.3d at 133-34.
In his affidavit in response to the motion for summary judgment, Adi asserted that summary judgment was not proper because there were numerous genuine issues of material fact to be resolved. Among the facts disputed in his affidavit were appellees' assertions that Adi had not complied with the contract by failing to report in person, had not properly secured his bond, and that the bond was viable only for a year and was more than a year old when surrendered. Adi attested that he had reported personally as required and he had provided a deed of trust to property to secure the bond that was adequate to secure the bail bond and had been accepted by appellees as full security for the bond. He also attested that the bond was not a year old at the time it was surrendered and was not viable for only one year. He disputed the facts alleged in the affidavit of surety to surrender and argued that his deceptive trade practices and intentional infliction of emotional distress causes of actions were not barred by limitations and that appellees had waived that affirmative defense by not raising it in their original answer to the lawsuit. Attached to the affidavit were numerous exhibits.
Adi attached:
(1) a document entitled, "Plaintiff's statement of disputed factual issues"("Exhibit A");
(2) a copy of a deed of trust for property to secure his bond ("Exhibit B");
(3) a copy of the jail bond ("Exhibit C");
(4) a copy of the March 10, 1999 order permitting surrender and issuing a warrant ("Exhibit D");
(5) a copy of a computerized docket sheet for a criminal case including notations about an $80,000 bond made by bondsman Martin Halick ("Exhibit E");
(6) a computer printout regarding a writ of habeas corpus case for a "John Adi" in which the writ was granted ("Exhibit F");
(7) a copy of the March 16, 1999 affidavit of surety to surrender ("Exhibit G");
(8) a copy of Adi's requests for admissions sent on December 11, 2002, and partial responses thereto ("Exhibit H");
(9) a typed copy of a section of the code of criminal procedure dealing with bail bonds ("Exhibit I"); and
(10) a copy of "Respondent's Original Answer" ("Exhibit J").
In his "Objection and Response," Adi argued that (1) appellees failed to meet their traditional summary judgment burden to demonstrate that there was no genuine issue as to any material fact and that he had presented evidence on summary judgment that was diametrically opposed to appellees' summary judgment evidence on many genuine issues of material fact, (2) appellees were not entitled to a no-evidence summary judgment because he had set forth facts in his affidavit and attached evidence supporting his causes of actions, and (3) appellees had failed to raise a statute of limitations defense in their answer to the lawsuit, had therefore waived the affirmative defense, and so summary judgment was not proper on limitations grounds. Adi also objected to appellees' Exhibits B, C, and D to their motion for summary judgment on the basis that the exhibits were hearsay, not certified, not authenticated, and not admissible. He specifically attacked Exhibit B, the bond forfeiture for another individual as irrelevant, and Exhibits C and D, the documents entitled "Terms and Conditions" and "Indemnity Agreement" as hearsay, not authenticated, not certified, and not competent, noting that they were blank forms, with no name of principal, indemnnitor, or dates. Adi attached as an exhibit to his response his affidavit in opposition to the motion for summary judgment with its attached exhibits. There is no order ruling on Adi's objections to appellees' summary judgment evidence in the record on appeal.
See footnote 7.
E. The trial court's summary judgment order
On March 10, 2008, the trial court entered an "Order on Defendants' Motion for Traditional Summary Judgment" that stated
On March 10, 2008, the court considered Defendants Rapid Bail Bonding Company and Martin Halick's motion for traditional summary judgment. After considering the pleadings, motion, response, and evidence on file, the court granted the motion.
The court ORDERS that Plaintiff, John Adi, take nothing by his suit, that defendants, Rapid Bail Bonding and Martin Halick, recover court costs from Plaintiff.
This judgment is final of all claims and all parties, and is appealable.
The court orders execution to issue for this judgment.
Discussion
Adi, a pro se inmate, raises four issues on appeal. We review the claims of an inmate proceeding pro se with liberality and patience. $429.30 in U.S. Currency v. State, 896 S.W.2d 363, 365 (Tex. App.-Houston 1995, no writ). Considering carefully the arguments raised in the discussion of his issues, we construe Adi's four issues as raising complaints that the trial court:
Within their brief, appellees assert that Adi's brief was not timely filed and request that we dismiss this case for want of prosecution. Pursuant to an order of this Court on appellant's last motion for extension of time to file brief, Adi's brief was due to be filed in this Court on March 20, 2009. Adi's brief was received in this Court on March 25, 2009. The certificate of service in Adi's brief indicates that it was mailed on March 19, 2009. The postmark on the package containing the brief was stamped by the United States Postal Service on March 23, 2009, in Haskell, Texas. Adi is an inmate in the Rolling Plains Correctional Facility in Haskell, Texas. Given these circumstances, we sua sponte grant Adi leave to file the brief late, deem the brief filed as of the date of receipt, and decline appellees' request that we dismiss this case for want of prosecution.
(1) erred in impliedly overruling Adi's challenge to the admission of appellees' summary judgment exhibits B, C, and D into evidence and in considering these documents in the summary judgment proceedings;
(2) improperly granted appellees' motion for summary judgment on Adi's deceptive trade practices and intentional infliction of emotional distress causes of action on limitations grounds because appellees failed to raise the affirmative defense of limitations in their original answer and Adi objected to the absence of this pleading and because appellees failed to establish as a matter of law the date upon which limitations commenced;
(3) erred in granting summary judgment:
(a) on Adi's breach of contract cause of action because genuine issues of material fact exist as to one or more essential elements of that cause of action; and
(b) on Adi's civil fraud cause of action because appellees did not present any claim or arguments in their traditional motion for summary judgment on that cause of action; and
(4) erred in granting summary judgment on the ground that Adi had no evidence to support his causes of action or damages.
A. Standard of review
We review a trial court's decision to grant a motion for summary judgment de novo. See Tex. Mun. Power Agency v. Pub. Util. Comm'n of Tex., 253 S.W.3d 184, 192, 199 (Tex. 2007). If the order granting the summary judgment does not specify the grounds upon which judgment was rendered, we must affirm the summary judgment if any of the grounds in the summary judgment motion is meritorious. FM Props. Operating Co. v. City of Austin, 22 S.W.3d 868, 872 (Tex. 2000). A trial court may not grant summary judgment on a ground not presented by the movant in writing, City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Authority, 589 S.W.2d 671, 677 (Tex. 1979), and a motion for summary judgment must stand or fall on the grounds expressly presented in the motion itself. McConnell v. Southside Indep. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d 337, 341 (Tex. 1993). In determining whether grounds are expressly presented in the motion, reliance may not be placed on briefs or summary judgment evidence; "[a]n appellate court cannot read between the lines, infer or glean from the pleadings or proof any grounds for granting the summary judgment other than those expressly set forth before the trial court in the motion for summary judgment." Id. at 341, 343 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
Under the traditional summary judgment standard, the movant has the burden to show that no genuine issues of material fact exist and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., Inc., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex. 1985). In deciding whether there is a disputed material fact issue precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the non-movant will be taken as true, and every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the non-movant and any doubts resolved in its favor. Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 548-49. If the motion involves the credibility of affiants, or the weight to be given to evidence, the motion should not be granted. Great Am. Reserve Ins. Co. v. San Antonio Plumbing Supply Co., 391 S.W.2d 41, 47 (Tex. 1965); Tabor v. Med. Ctr. Bank, 534 S.W.2d 199, 200 (Tex. Civ. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1976, no writ). A defendant moving for a traditional summary judgment must conclusively negate at least one essential element of each of the plaintiff's causes of action or conclusively establish each element of an affirmative defense. Sci. Spectrum, Inc. v. Martinez, 941 S.W.2d 910, 911 (Tex. 1997). After a defendant has done so, the burden then shifts to the plaintiff to produce evidence creating a fact issue on the element or defense in order to defeat the summary judgment. See Walker v. Harris, 924 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Tex. 1996).
B. Adi's objections to the summary judgment evidence and the no-evidence summary judgment grounds
In his first issue, Adi complains that the trial court should not have considered certain summary judgment evidence submitted by appellees to which he lodged an objection. In his fourth issue, he complains that the trial court should not have granted summary judgment on appellees' no-evidence grounds because he produced evidence to support his causes of action.
We overrule both of these issues because there is no record of a ruling by the trial court on either of those matters.
Regarding Adi's first issue, no explicit or implicit ruling on Adi's objection to the appellees' summary judgment evidence appears in the record and Adi did not object to the trial court's refusal to rule. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(2). The order granting summary judgment in this case, which stated that the trial court considered "the pleadings, motion, response, and evidence on file," is not specific enough to indicate an implied ruling on Adi's objections to particular exhibits attached to the appellees' motion and the mere granting of the motion for summary judgment does not expressly or implicitly overrule the objections to the appellees' evidence. See Allen v. Albin, 97 S.W.3d 655, 662-63 (Tex. App.-Waco 2002, no pet.). We hold that Adi has failed to preserve this complaint for appellate review.
As to Adi's fourth issue, the trial court did not grant summary judgment on appellees' no-evidence grounds. Rather, the trial court expressly granted summary judgment only on appellees' motion for traditional summary judgment.
We overrule Adi's first and fourth issues.
C. The traditional summary judgment on the deceptive trade practices and intentional infliction of emotional distress causes of action
In his second issue, Adi argues that summary judgment was not proper as to his deceptive trade practices and intentional infliction of emotional distress causes of action because summary judgment was sought on the basis of a limitations defense that had been waived by appellees by their failure to plead such affirmative defense of limitations in their answer to the suit.
We agree that the only ground asserted in appellees' motion for traditional summary judgment as to these causes of action was an affirmative defense that these causes of action were barred by a two-year statute of limitations. Therefore, appellees' affirmative defense of limitations was the sole basis on which the trial court could grant summary judgment as to those causes of action. See Envtl Procedures, Inc. v. Guidry, 282 S.W.3d 602, 620 (Tex. App.-Houston 2009, pet. denied).
Adi argues that summary judgment was improper because appellees waived this affirmative defense when they filed only a general denial in response to his petition. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 94 (requiring affirmative defense such as statute of limitations to be specifically pled). While it is true that when a party files only a general denial, it waives any affirmative defense that must be specially pled, see Stone Resources, Inc. v. Barnett, 661 S.W.2d 148, 151 (Tex. App.-Houston 1983, no writ), an unpleaded affirmative defense may serve as a basis for summary judgment when it is raised in the summary judgment motion and the opposing party does not direct the trial court's attention to the absence of the pleading in his written response or before the court renders judgment. Roark v. Stallworth Oil and Gas, Inc., 813 S.W.2d 492, 495 (Tex. 1991).
In the case before us, appellees filed a general answer and failed to plead the affirmative defense of limitations in their answer. Although they did raise this affirmative defense in their motion for summary judgment, Adi objected to their failure to specially plea this affirmative defense in their answer and directed the trial court to the absence of the pleading in his written response to the motion for summary judgment. Accordingly, the affirmative defense of limitations could not serve as the basis for a summary judgment against Adi. See Roark, 813 S.W.2d at 495.
We therefore hold that the trial court erred in granting appellees' traditional summary judgment motion as to Adi's intentional infliction of emotional distress and deceptive trade practice on appellees' affirmative defense of limitations, and we sustain his second issue.
D. The traditional summary judgment on the breach of contract and civil fraud causes of action
In his third issue, Adi challenges the trial court's entry of a summary judgment on appellees' traditional summary judgment motion as to his breach of contract and civil fraud claims.
Breach of Contract
In order to be entitled a traditional summary judgment on Adi's breach of contract claim, appellees must establish that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 548. Adi argues that many genuine issues of material fact exist as to his breach of contract claim and asserts that his summary judgment evidence raises such issues.
Reviewing the summary judgment evidence submitted by appellees and Adi, we note that Adi controverts almost every factual claim made by appellees and that the summary judgment motion involves the competing credibility of the parties. For example, appellees assert that Adi failed to personally check into the office for several weeks before the bond was surrendered. In his affidavit, Adi disputes this contention, stating that he checked in as agreed. Similarly, appellees assert that the property securing the bond was not sufficient to secure the bond or to cover the expenses of finding Adi and placing him in custody, while Adi contends that the security given was adequate to secure the bond and sufficient for the appellees to recover their expenses in case of forfeiture or surrender. We agree that there are genuine issues of material fact remaining as to this cause of action. Because appellees failed to establish that there were no genuine issues of material fact as to Adi's breach of contract claim, we hold that summary judgment on this cause of action was not proper. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 548; see also Great Am. Reserve Ins. Co., 391 S.W.2d at 47; Tabor, 534 S.W.2d at 200 (summary judgment not proper when motion involves credibility).
Civil Fraud
Adi argues that summary judgment was not proper as to his civil fraud claim because appellees failed to present any claim or argument regarding his civil fraud claim in their traditional motion for summary judgment. We agree.
Appellees' "Traditional Motion for Summary Judgment" wholly failed to even reference Adi's civil fraud cause of action. Because appellees' "Traditional Motion for Summary Judgment" did not address, much less negate, any element of the civil fraud claim, nor did it assert, much less conclusively establish, any element of an affirmative defense relative to the civil fraud claim, we hold that the trial court erred in entering a take-nothing judgment against Adi on his civil fraud cause of action. See Jacobs v. Satterwhite, 65 S.W.3d 653, 655 (Tex. 2001) (holding that take-nothing summary judgment on all claims was erroneous as to claim not addressed in motion for summary judgment).
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court erred in granting appellees' motion for traditional summary judgment and entering a take-nothing judgment against Adi on the breach of contract and civil fraud causes of action. We sustain Adi's third issue.
CONCLUSION
We reverse the take-nothing judgment of the trial court and remand this cause to the trial court for further proceedings.